compiled by George Draffan
www.landgrant.org

Aaron, Banjamin, et al. 1977. The Railway labor act at fifty: collective bargaining in the railroad and airline industries. [Washington]: National Mediation Board, U.S. GPO, 1977.

Acohido, Byron and Terry Lawhead. 1990. A huge land purchase by Behring firm: some Eastside residents fear massive development. Seattle Times, May 31, 1990. (3800 acres in six parcels: Glacier Ridge, Grand Ridge, Lake Desire, Squak Mt., Novelty Hill).

Acohido, Byron. 1988. BN runs a lot more than just a railroad. Seattle Times/Post-Intelligencer, Feb. 21, 1988, p.B1.

Acohido, Byron. 1988. Former EPA head operating ventures in hazardous waste. Seattle Times, Jan. 18, 1988, p.D5. (Portrait of Ruckleshaus. "He counsels U.S. presidents and captains of industry... He will do what he can to usher George Bush into the Oval Office." David Ortman is quoted as saying "Hell, no one trusts him after the way he handles Asarco, putting up for a vote how many cancer deaths people wanted," but Spokane Audubon chair Morey Haggin is portrayed as being impressed with Ruckleshaus and ECOS's plans to involve local communities in decisions).

Acohido, Byron. 1988. Former linebacker tackles big deals in waste, real estate. Seattle Times, Apr 25, 1988. (David Sabey, Chempro, ECOS, Glacier Park).

Acohido, Byron. 1988. Rumbling toward a showdown: Burlington Northern, train crews trade charges as a contract fight looms just around the bend. Seattle Times/Post-Intelligencer, Feb 21, 1988, p.B1,B8.

Adams, Brock. 1978. A prospectus for change in the railroad freight industry. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Oct. 1978. (Includes a discussion of rehabilitation costs).

Adams, Charles Francis. 1869. Railroad inflation. North American Review 109: 130-164.

Adams, Charles Francis. 1886. Railroads: their origins and problems. NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1878; republished by Arno Press.

Ainsworth, D.P. and P.V. Stone. 1979. Public ownership of railroad fixed plant: a restructuring alternative. Greenwich, CT: Reebie Associates.

Alexander, Karen. 1993. Safety board to probe derailment. Seattle Times, Aug. 25, 1993, p.B4. (National Transportation Safety Board investingating derailment of BN train in Monroe, Washington because damages exceed $150,000; three of the cars contained hazardous materials; residents of the area were evacuated).

Allen, Benjamin J. 1975. The economic effects of rail abandonement on communities: a case study. Transportation Journal, Fall 1975, p.52-61.

Allen, Frederic Lewis. 1949. The great Pierpoint Morgan. New York.

Allen, Geoffrey Freeman. 1990. Railways of the twentieth century. (Overview of the world's railroads, country by country).

Allen, Geoffrey Freeman. North American railroads today. Brian Todd. 123 p.

Alliance for the Wild Rockies. Groups will sue over Swan Valley grizzly bear plan. The Networker: News from the Wild Rockies Bioregion 8(2): 11, Spring 1996. (Conservation Agreement between Plum Creek, Montana Dept. of State Lands, U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service promotes logging and roading on private, state, and federal lands in the Mission Mountains near Glacier National Park; Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund filed notice of intent to sue on behalf of Friends of the Wild Swan, Swan View Coalition, Alliance for the Wild Rockies).

Ambrose, Stephen E. Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1865-1869. Simon & Schuster, 2000.

Ambrose, Stephen E. Crazy Horse and Custer. (Photograph of Custer with Indian scouts sitting in front of tent with Northern Pacific logo).

Ames, Gregory P. 1981. Recreational use of abandoned railroad rights-of-way: a bibliography and technical resource guide for planners. CPL Bibliography No. 66. Chicago: Council of Planning Librarians. 42 p. Anderson, Eva Greenslit. 1952. Rails across the Cascades. Wenatchee, Wash., World Pub. Co. [1952?; 1977]. (J.J. Hill and the Great Northern).

Andrews, Mea. 1982. Williams wants BN to still pay for land grants. Missoulian, Sept. 12, 1982. Reprinted in Transitions, March 1992, p.27. (U.S. Rep. Pat Williams calls for 1983 hearings before the House Interior Subcommittee on Public Lands, and perhaps before before the Subcommittee on Energy and Commerce. He has asked the General Accounting Office to investigate the proposed exchange of 350 million tons of land grant coal for a similar amount of federal coal in Montana, in order to consolidate BN's holdings and open a mine; so far the BLM has approved the swap. See also DeWolf Sept. 11, 1982).

Andrist, Ralph K. The Long Death: the Last Days of the Plains Indian. (Custer and the Northern Pacific).

Ansnes, B. 1932. Federal regulation of railroad holding companies. Colum L Rev 32: 999-1016, June 1932.

Applegate, Rick. 1979. An unintended empire: a case study of rail land holdings. Pages 100-240 in: Additions to the National Wilderness Preservation System, hearings before the Subcomm. on Public Lands of the Comm. on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, 96th Congress, 1st Session on H.R. 3928, held in Washington DC on Sept. 17, 1979... and oversight on land ownership in the Beaverhead and Gallatin National Forests, hearing held in Bozeman, Montana, Oct. 4, 1979. Serial No. 96-11, Part IV.

Appleman, Roy E. September 1939. Timber empire from the public domain. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 26: 193-208. Also published in Gates, 1979.

Armbruster, Kurt. Orphan Road: The Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853-1911. Washington State University, 1999.

Associated Press. 1988. BN "rubber room" lawsuit to resume. Spokesman Review, Dec. 6, 1988. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1990, p.14. (Timber tax expert George Landis, one of over a thousand non-union workers promised a job for life under terms of 1970 BN merger, sued BN in 1985 for breaching agreement. Suit was frozen for two years while the ICC investigated).

Associated Press. 1988. BN chalks up latest Winona round. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 13, 1988. (8th Circuit Court ruling).

Associated Press. 1988. BN discounts damage to river. Spokesman Review, April 10, 1988. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1990, p.11. (Derailment along the Columbia River causes spill of 15,000 gallons of sodium borohydride and borohydroxide into river and on ground).

Associated Press. 1988. BN has agreed to settle, union says. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Nov. 4, 1988. (Montana Rail Link dispute).

Associated Press. 1988. BN told to use same labor rules for Winona subsidiary. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Dec. 1, 1988.

Associated Press. 1988. Bond settlement to open BN land for development. Seattle Times, Jan. 22, 1988, p.C3. (1898 100- to 150-year Northern Pacific bonds settled; removes lien on BN land, oil, gas, minerals, and timber).

Associated Press. 1988. City of Salmon hopeful about gold strike. Lewiston Tribune, Nov. 30, 1988. Reprinted in Transitions, Feb. 1992, p.49-50. (Meridian's Beartrack).

Associated Press. 1988. Disputed BN unit hits tracks today. Seattle Times, April 18, 1988. (Winona Bridge subsidiary avoids BN labor contracts).

Associated Press. 1988. Gold deposit found in Idaho. Seattle Times, Nov. 28, 1988. (Meridian's Beartrack).

Associated Press. 1988. Judge blocks smaller train crews. Seattle Times, June 10, 1988.

Associated Press. 1988. Millions of acres expected to be unlocked: settlement approved by federal judge removes turn-of-the-century liens on BN land. Spokesman Review, Jan. 21, 1988. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1990, p.9; Feb 1992, p.29-30.

Associated Press. 1988. Union says BN has agreed to job protection. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Oct. 14, 1988. (Montana Rail Link dispute).

Associated Press. 1988. Winona decision a 'setback' for BN. Seattle Times, Nov. 30, 1988. (Court decides BN can't bypass union contracts).

Associated Press. 1989. Burlington Resources plans to sell off mining operations. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Dec. 12, 1989. (Meridian Minerals, Beartrack).

Associated Press. 1989. SEC tracking other Burlington trades. Seattle Times, Aug. 4, 1989. (Ex-BN lawyer Richard Schreiber settled for insider trading; investigation continuing).

Associated Press. 1990. Burlington Environmental announces plan to go public. Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, Aug. 1, 1990, p.1. (To raise up to $105 million with seven million shares; two-thirds of revenues from handling Boeing waste; four Chempro sites on state problem list; Sabey could make $27 million, reducing his share from 46 to 15 percent).

Associated Press. 1990. Corn spill site luring grizzlies to their deaths: habit draws animals onto railroad tracks. Spokesman Review, June 25, 1990. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1990, p.14. (Three BN derailments in 1988-1989 near Essex, in prime grizzly habitat. Interagency report by US F&WS, Montana Dept. of FWP, Kootenai National Forest, and Glacier National Park).

Associated Press. 1990. Meridian Oil buys Unicon properties. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 26, 1990. (San Juan Basin (New Mexico) natural gas reserves).

Associated Press. 1990. Mismanagement charged. Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, July 13, 1990, p.1. (James Hill descendents charge Willamette Industries with mismanagement of 168,000 acres in Oregon; their attorneys include ex-San Francisco mayor Joe Alioto).

Associated Press. 1991. BN to keep Stampede Pass line. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Dec. 19, 1991.

Associated Press. 1991. El Paso Natural Gas likely to be spun off as separate company. Spokesman Review, Dec. 6, 1991. Reprinted in Transitions, Feb. 1992, p.52.

Associated Press. 1991. Protestors block Seattle-bound train. Seattle Times, Nov. 23, 1991. (Transportation, dock, and grain workers protest loss of jobs due to Canadian Wheat Board decision to ship through Seattle).

Associated Press. 1991. Railroad and union agree to smaller crews. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Aug 30, 1991. (United Transportation Union brakemen could lose jobs; BN agrees to $60,000 separation payment).

Associated Press. 1991. State is urged to buy rail pass line. Seattle Times/Post-Intelligencer, Feb. 24, 1991, p.B3. (Stampede Pass).

Associated Press. 1991. Trillium challenges railroad law. Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, Aug. 23, 1991, p.A1. (Buyer for Glacier Park land challenges Montana state law giving leaseholders first rights).

Associated Press. 1992. Burlington Northern image derails. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Jan. 3, 1992. (BN apologizes for numerous accidents in and near Spokane in 1991, ranging from creosote and fuel spills to derailings and fires).

Associated Press. 1992. Squatter fighting to keep cabin. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Apr. 2, 1992. (Buck Droll, living for 24 years on BN land on Columbia River near Longview, seeks Cowlitz Co. court order to prevent being evicted by BN. His cabin was destroyed by fire; see also Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 1, 1992).

Associated Press. 1992. Timber land sold to firm in Oregon: deal lamented by conservation activists. Post-Register (Idaho Falls ID), April 23, 1992. Reprinted in Transitions, April 1992, p.13. (Nature Conservancy failed to negotiate purchase; PC sells 164,000 acres in Gallatin and its Belgrade mill to the (Tim) Blixseth Group of Portland and McDougal Bros. of Dexter, Oregon. Included is land proposed in an exchange of 45,000 acres of PC land for 21,500 acres of Forest Service land and $3.4 million, which was included in a Montana wilderness bill (S. 1696) that passed the Senate. PC said Blixseth agreed to follow through with the Porcupine and Gallatin exchange. PC says it still owns 10 mills in NE Montana and NE Washington state).

Associated Press. 1994. Hostile bid considered by Santa Fe. New York Times, Nov. 12, 1994.

Associated Press. 1994. Santa Fe considers escape plan: Burlington Northern merger could thwart UP takeover bid. Spokesman Review, Dec. 13, 1994, p.A8.

Associated Press. 1994. Santa Fe to negotiate with Union Pacific. Spokesman Review, Nov. 30, 1994, p.A6. (Over $3.3 billion acquisition challenge to Burlington Northern).

Associated Press. 1995. Rail merger clears final hurdle: BN, Santa Fe deal to create nation's largest rail network. Spokesman-Review, July 21, 1995, reprinted in Transitions, June-July 1995, p. 16. (ICC votes 4-0 to approve $4 billion merger).

Association of American Railroads. 1922. A list of references to literature relating to the Union Pacific system. Washington, DC: Bureau of Railway Economics, Library. Reprinted by Crofton Publishing, Newton, Massachusetts. 299 p. + appendices.

Association of American Railroads. 1964. Digest and guide to card index. [Washington, D.C.?], Association of American Railroads, General Claims Division, c1964.

Association of American Railroads. Last rites for a myth. Washington DC: The Association.

Association of American Railroads. Railroad land grants-- a sharp deal for Uncle Sam. Washington DC: The Association.

Atcheson, David. Clearcuts and corporate welfare. Better World, May 1997, www.betterworld.com/BWZ/9608/forest.htm. (Railroad land grants, below-cost roadbuilding and timber sales, flooding, and timber poaching).

Athearn, Robert G. 1971. Union Pacific country. University of Nebraska Press. (Social history of the impact of the UP and its branches in the 1860s through 1890s).

Atkinson, George Henry. 1878. The northwest coast, including Oregon, Washington and Idaho, a series of articles upon the N.P.R.R. in its relations to the basins of the Columbia and of Puget's Sound. By Rev. G. H. Atkinson, D.D. Endorsed by the Portland Board of Trade. First published in the Oregonian. Portland, Or., A. G. Walling, steam printer, 1878.

Atwater, Elizabeth Rodgers. 1937. Letters of Montgomery Meigs written while engaged in the survey of the Northern Pacific Railroad 1872-1873. Unpublished Master's thesis. Missoula, MT: University of Montana.

Aweeka, Charles. 1990. State probes dumping at site near watershed. Seattle Times, May 4, 1990. (Chempro and Landsburg mine dump).

Backiel, Adela and Pamela Baldwin. 1986. Public access across private lands to federal lands. Washington, DC: US Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, April 7, 1986. 70 p.+ appendices. (Historical background and legal aspects, and the status of USFS and BLM programs to acquire access).

Baden, John. 1989. Save the environment without destroying your profits. Wall Street Journal, Aug. 21, 1989, p. A10(W), p.A8(E). (re BR).

Bain, David Haward. Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad. Viking, 1999.

Baldwin, Pamela. 1981. A legal analysis of the land grants of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Washington, DC: American Law Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Oct. 19, 1981. 40 p. While touching upon BN's 1981 corporate restructuring and its effect upon its land grant holdings, Baldwin concentrates on the continued operation of the railroad and its branch lines. "It... is not clear whether any obligation on the part of the railroad has been fulfilled because of the passage of time and the accomplishment of the purposes of the grants, and whether any existing obligation on the part of the railroad extends to branch lines or applies only to the lines expressly mentioned in the grants. It is clear that Congress can take action to clarify these questions, either by legilsation that directs that suit be brought to determine the issues judicially, or that articulates whatever relationship between the value of the lands and the continued operation of the rialroad that Congress determines to be desirable" (from the executive summary).

Baldwin, Pamela. 1984. Federal railroad rights of way. Washington, DC: American Law Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Feb. 2, 1984. 11 p.

Balter, Joni and Carlton Smith. 1988. BN tried to cut city out of sale: memo details intent to foil Burke-Gilman Trail extension. Seattle Times, July 29, 1988. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1990, p.20.

Balter, Joni and Dee Norton. 1988. Industrialist gives up claim to UW trail section. Seattle Times, Feb. 12, 1988. (Dennis Washington and Burke Gilman).

Balter, Joni. 1988. BN admits mistake in sale of trail land. Seattle Times, Feb. 24, 1988. (Burke-Gilman Trail).

Balter, Joni. 1988. City expects trail tale to have happy ending: BN offers to help with right-of-way deal. Seattle Times, Feb. 25, 1988, p.B2. (Burke Gilman Trail).

Balter, Joni. 1988. City fears BN derailing trail plan: tracks are ripped up next to right of way. Seattle Times, Mar. 26, 1988, p.A11. (Burke Gilman Trail).

Balter, Joni. 1988. ICC to widen probe of BN deal: track removal to be investigated. Seattle Times, Apr. 1, 1988. (Burke Gilman Trail).

Balter, Joni. 1988. Montanan promises to keep trail open: purchase won't affect Burke-Gilman access, says businessman. Seattle Times, Feb. 18, 1988.

Balter, Joni. 1988. Seattle, BN seek right of way pact. Seattle Times, May 4, 1988. (Burke Gilman Trail).

Balter, Joni. 1989. Negotiations success, so Burke-Gilman Trail grows. Seattle Times, Jan. 25, 1989.

Balter, Joni. 1989. Pact forged in Burke-Gilman fight: negotiations yield accord on extending popular bike trail. Seattle Times, Jan. 24, 1989, p.B1.

Balter, Joni. Ruling opens way to voiding Burke-Gilman sale. Seattle Times, June 23, 1988. (ICC recommendation).

Balzar, John. 1990. Grizzly pig-out: bears gorge on spilled corn. Los Angeles Times, printed in Seattle Times, Aug. 20, 1990. (Along BN track in Montana; see also Engineering News Record, Mar. 30, 1992).

Barriger, J.W. 1940. Development of railway corporate structures. Law & Contem Prob 7: 367-376, Summer 1940.

Bartel, Frank. 1991. Getting back idled tracks big challenge. Spokesman Review, Oct. 13, 1991. Reprinted in Transitions, March 1992, p.28. (Cites UP's Silver Valley and Palouse lines as examples of abandonment of rail service; checkerboards a problem. Gonzaga Unversity law professor Frank Conklin explains intricacies of land grant reversionary clauses. ICC decides only abandonments, not whether land should be given back).

Basler, Christian O. Aug. 1965. The O & C lands. Washington DC: Office of Legislation and Cooperative Relations, Bureau of Land Management.

Bean, Louis E. 1917. The Oregon and California land grant. Remarks of Hon. L. E. Bean in the House of Representatives, on House bill no 302, February, 1917. Salem, Or., State Print. Dept., 1917. Beard, Henry. 1883. Railways and the United States Land Office. Agricultural Review and Industrial Monthly 1: 1-16, Apr. 1883.

Bederman, David J. 1988. The imagery of injustice at Mussel Slough: railroad land grants, corporation law, and the "great conglomerate West". Western Legal History 1(2): 237-269. (Background and history of the 1880 battle near Visalia, California, between settlers and Southern Pacific Railroad agents).

Beebe, Lucius Morris. 1965. The trains we rode [by] Lucius Beebe & Charles Clegg. Berkeley, Calif., Howell-North Books, 1965-66.

Benson, Lee. 1956. Merchants, farmers, and railroads: railroad regulation and New York politics, 1850-1887. Cambridge, Mass.

Benton, Alva H. 1925. Large land holdings in North Dakota. Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics 1: 405-413 (October 1925).

Berman, Phyllis and Roula Khalaf. 1993. Sweet-talking the board: in the face of disappointing showing, BN's Jerry grinstein has held on to his job. How much longer? Forbes, Mar. 15, 1993, p. 51-51. (See also Machalaba, 1993).

Berton, Pierre. 1971. The last spike: the great railway 1881-1885. McClelland and Stewart. Republished in 1989 by Penguin without source notes or bibliography. (History of Canadian Pacific, with J.J. Hill on exececutive committee).

Berton, Pierre. 1972. The impossible railway. NY: Knopf.

Best, Gary Dean. 1973. James J. Hill's 'lost opportunity on the Pacific.' Pacific Northwest Quarterly, January 1973, p.8-11. (Title is from J.J. Hill article in "World's Work". The Great Northern Steamship Co., created in 1900 to run from Seattle to Yokohama and Hong Kong, was to carry traffic in lumber, wheat, and cotton. Two giant merchant ships, the Dakota and the Minnesota, were completed in 1904. Hill sold rails to Japan. In 1906, the ICC ruled that the overland portion of rail-ship rates was subject to all regulations, including being made public. Since publication of preferential rates offered to export shippers (to compete with subsidized foreign shipping lines) would damage relations with domestic shippers, the railroads were unwilling to continue exports. The Japanese also placed a tariff on wheat. In March 1907 the Dakota struck a rock in Tokyo Bay and sank. The export trade collapsed as shippers used foreign lines for their exports. See also Hill, 1905 and 1910).

Billings Gazette. 1978. Forest, rail swap is opposed. Aug. 27, 1978. Billings, Mont.

Binns, Archie. 1944. The timber beast. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Biskeborn, Susan. 1982. Doing it the Japanese way. Seattle Weekly, Oct. 6-13, 1982, p.21-23. (BN International Services; agreement with China; Bressler on export councils).

Bixler, Herbert E. 1982. Railroads: their rise and fall. Jaffrey Center, NH: H.E. Bixler.

Black, William R. 1975. States and rural rail preservation: alternative strategies. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments. 142 p.

Bloomberg Business News. Burlington Resources shifting its focus. Seattle Times, Mar. 2, 1993, p.F8. (Shifts from acquiring natural gas reserves and exploration to development of its five trillon cubic feet. Burlington Resources president and Meridian Oil head Don Clayton was replaced by Chairman Thomas O'Leary. Meridian held 13.3 million acres of drilling land in 1991).

Boening, Rose M. History of irrigation in the state of Washington. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 9: 259-276; 10: 21-45.

Bonbright, James Cummings. 1969. Railroad capitalization: a study of the principles of regulation of railroad securities. AMS Press. 206 p.

Bonney, William Pierce. Reminiscences: naming Stampede Pass. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 12: 272-278.

Bonum Meritum, pseud. War of Words Between President Roosevelt and J. Pierpont Morgan Concerning

Boren, Rebecca. 1988. Trumping Seattle. Seattle Weekly, Feb. 24, 1988. (David Sabey).

Boston Economic Club. President Roosevelt's Railroad Policy: Report of a Discussion Before the Economic

Bourne, E.W. 1942. Findings of "value" in railroad reorganizations. Yale Law Journal 51: 1057-1092, May 1942.

Boyer, Kenneth D. et al. 1981. Economic regulation: essays in honor of James R. Nelson. East Lansing, Mich.: Institute of Public Utilities, Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Michigan State University, 1981.

Bozeman Daily Chronicle. 1979. Coal is king of BN road. Apr. 15, 1979.

Bradley, Glenn Danford. 1920. The story of the Santa Fe. Boston.

Brake, Robert. 1993. Hill's Great Northern railroad didn't rely on government subsidies. Oregonian, June 8, 1993. (Letter to the editor in response to James Long's "Of Grants and Greed" article of May 23, 1993).

Branch, Edward Douglas. 1929. Frederick West Lander, road-builder. [Cedar Rapids, Mississippi Valley historical review, 1929].

Brelsford, Harry. 1992. Northwest links: keeping up with environmental services. Alaska Business Monthly, January 1992, p.66,68. (Burlington Environmental's Chempro received Environmental Excellence Award from Washington State Governor and Weyerhaeuser heir Booth Gardner in 1986).

Briggs, H.E. 1932. Early bonanza farming in the Red River Valley of the North. Agricultural History 6: 26-37 (January 1932).

Brinkman, Jonathon. 1996. Physician to explain clear-cutting's link to railways. Idaho Statesman, Feb. 2, 1996.

Brown, Dee. 1978. Hear that lonesome whistle blow: railroads in the West. New York: Bantam Books. 309 p.

Brown, Henry S. 1907. Punishing the land looters. Outlook, Feb. 1907, p.427-439.

Brown, J.L. 1957. More memorials to Mussel Slough. Pacific Historical Review 26. (Background and history of the 1880 battle near Visalia, California, between settlers and Southern Pacific Railroad agents; see also McKee, 1948).

Brown, Margaret. 1933. Asa Whitney and his Pacific Railroad publicity campaign. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20(9): 223-224.

Brown, Nelson. 1923. The American lumber industry. New York: John Wiler and Sons.

Bruchey, Stuart, ed. 1981. Memoirs of three railroad pioneers. New York: Arno Press, 1981. (Hill, Harriman, and Hopkins).

Bryant, Keith L. Jr., ed. 1988. Railroads in the age of regulation, 1900-1980. Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography. NY: Facts on File. 518 p. (See also Frey).

Buchanan, Iva L. January 1936. Lumbering and logging in the Puget Sound region in Territorial days. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 27: 34-53.

Buchholtz, Curt W. 1969. The historical dichotomy of use and preservation in Glacier National Park. Master's thesis. University of Montana.

Buck, Richard. 1988. Upcoming labor talks cited in BN restructuring. Seattle Times, June 3, 1988. (BR stock would be immune from labor problem effects).

Bureau of National Affairs. 1989. Montana: state agency sues Burlington Northern over railroad's hazardous waste dumping. Environment Reporter Current Developments, Jan. 13, 1989, p.1843-1844. (Livingston, Montana groundwater contaminated).

Burlingame, Merrill Gildea. The influence of the military in the building of Montana. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 29: 135-150.

Burlington Northern Law Department. 1970. Consummation of unification, effective March 2, 1970, the merger date: closing memorandum. 2 vols.

Burlington Northern Public Relations Advertising Dept. Railroad land grants: key to Western development.

Burlington Northern Railroad and Glacier Park Co. 1988. Asset transfer agreement and deed. May 26, 1988. (Exhibit A describing the property (page 9) is blank).

Burlington Northern Railroad ARES Program Office. 1989. ARES for safety and service. BN, July 1989. 8 p. brochure. (Describes the BN ARES (Advanced Railroad Electronics System) for computerized train locating, speed and throttle-brake control, and communications, etc. Tested at the Mesabi Iron Range. Also involved are Rockwell International (engineering and integration conractor), the Federal Railroad Administration (monitoring for safety compliance), and the Dept. of Defense (through its Navstar satellites). See also Gibbons, 1990).

Burlington Northern Railroad ARES Program Office. ARES for safety and service. Overland Park, KS: BN ARES Dept. No date. 4 p. brochure. . (See Gibbons, 1990).

Burlington Resources. 1988. Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 registration statement containing a prospectus for the sale of 20 million shares of common stock. Filed with the SEC on July 7, 1988. 88 p. + appendices. .

Burlington Resources. 1988. Prospectus for 20 million shares common stock. Filed with the SEC on June 2, 1988. 85 p. .

Burlington Resources. 1991. 1990 annual report. Seattle. 46 p.

Burlington Route et aL. 1905. Atlas of western, northwestern and middle western states: with maps of the Island Possessions, Japan, China, United States and the world, showing location of railway lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railway / issued by the passenger departments Burlington Route, Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railway. [S.l.]: The Railways, 1905?.

Bush, James. 1991. End of the line? Lake Union's last rails could be removed if railroad goes through with abandonment. The North Seattle Press / The Lake Union Review, Oct. 1991, p.1, 3.

Business Week. 1972. A new fight erupts over land grants. Business Week, Sept. 16, 1972.

Busk, Charles Westly. 1884. Notes of a journey from Toronto to British Columbia, via the Northern Pacific railway (June to July 1884): being letters to his sister and mother from Charles Westly Busk. London, Printed by Taylor and Francis, 1884.

Butters, John Keith, John Lintner, and W.L. Cary. 1951. Effects of taxation: corporate mergers. Boston: Harvard University, Div. of Res. 364 p.

Byrne, Harlan S. 1991. Burlington Resources Inc.: reserve buildup sets stage for sharp profit growth. Barron's 71(12): 49-50. (Mar. 25, 1991). (Natural gas reserves up 370 percent in 1990 to 5.36 trillion cubic feet. Production also increased, and profits were up 40 percent and revenues up 8 percent).

Cameron, Mindy. 1991. Nature Conservancy decides to mix it up. Seattle Times, May 19, 1991. (Glacier Park CEO Chris Bayley serves on The Nature Conservancy's national board).

Campbell, E.G. 1938. The reorganization of the American railroad system, 1893-1900. New York.

Campbell, Marius Robinson. 1915. Guidebook of the western United States; part A. The Northern Pacific route, with a side trip to Yellowstone Park by Marius R. Campbell and others. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1915.

Campbell, Marius Robinson. 1916. Guidebook of the western United States; part A. The Northern Pacific route, with a side trip to Yellowstone park, by Marius R. Campbell and others. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916.

Campbell, Michael H. and Edward C. Brewer, III. 1988. The Railway Labor Act of 1926: a legislative history. Buffalo, N.Y.: Published for ABA Section on Labor and Employment Law by W.S. Hein, 1988.

Canada. Governor General (1872-1878: Dufferin). Message relative to the terms of union with the province of British Columbia. Printed by order of Parliament. Ottawa, Printed by MacLean Roger & Co., 1875.

Canfield, Thomas H. 1870. Northern Pacific railroad; partial report of the Board of directors of a portion of a reconnoissance made in the summer of 1869, between Lake Superior, & the Pacific ocean .. accompanied with notes on Puget Sound by Samuel Wilkeson. For private circulation only. [n.p.] 1870.

Canfield, Thomas Hawley. 1889. Life of Thomas Hawley Canfield; his early efforts to open a route for the transportation of the products of the West to New England, by way of the Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River, and Vermont railroads, and his connection with the early history of the Northern Pacific Railroad, from the history of the Red River Valley, North Dakota and park region of northwestern Minnesota. Burlington, Vt., 1889.

Carroll, Francis M. and Franklin R. Raiter. 1985. The people versus the government: the 1918 Cloquet fire and the struggle for compensation. Journal of Forest History 29(1): 4-21, Jan. 1985. (Begun along Great Northern Railroad tracks; hundreds died; 15,000 cases filed; compensation finally recovered in 1935).

Carson, Will. 1890. Tacoma [map]: western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad. [United States: s.n.], c1890.

Carstenson, Vernon, ed. 1963. The public lands. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. (Reprints Robert S. Henry and his critics from the Mississippi Valley Historical Review).

Cascade Checkerboard News: Newsletter of the Cascade Checkerboard Project. Seattle: Sierra Club Foundation.

Celis, William. 1988. Burlington Northern plans announcement. Wall Street Journal, June 2, 1988, p.3(W), p.3(E). (Possible divestment).

Celis, William. 1988. New Burlington Northern unit to offer shares; parent may spin off 87% of resources subsidiary; separate charges planned. Wall Street Journal, June 3, 1988, p.4(W), p.4(E).

Center for the Study of Responsive Law. 1970. The Interstate Commerce Omission: the public interest and the ICC. The Ralph Nader Study Group Report, Robert C. Fellmeth, project director. New York: Grossman Publishers.

Chadwick, Kyle. Big-time impact in the Big Sky state. American Lawyer, March 1991, p. 104-106. (Profile of Bozeman attorney James Goetz; early case involved Big Sky ski resort-Chet Huntley-Chrysler, and Burlington Northern Railroad land exchange with federal government).

Chalmers, David M. 1976. Neither socialism nor monopoly: TR and the decision to regulate the railroads. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 121 p.

Chandler, Alfred D., Jr, editor. 1965. The railroads: the nation's first big business. NY: Harcourt, Brace & World. Republished by Arno Press, 1981. 213 p.

Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. 1977. The visible hand: the managerial revolution in American business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Several chapters discuss railroads as the first modern corporate structure).

Cheever, Bruce Bissell. 1949. The development of railroads in the State of Washington 1860 to 1948. Unpublished thesis, Western Washington College of Education.

Cherington, Charles Richards. 1948. The regulation of railroad abandonments. Republished by the Arno Press, 1981. 277 p.

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, Northern Pacific Railway, and Great Northern Railway. 1923. A business of your own in poultryland: the Pacific Northwest. Pamphlet.

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. 1905. Atlas of western, northwestern and middle western states: with maps of the Island Possessions, Japan, China, United States and the world, showing location of railway lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railway, issued by the passenger departments Burlington Route, Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railway. [S.l.]: The Railways, 1905?.

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Choices. 1993. BNNR proposes commuter rail to Everett. Choices: Bimonthly Newsletter of the regional Transit Project (Seattle), 4(3): 3, May 1993. (BN proposes $250 million upgrade be paid for with public funds).

Clark, Norman H. 1970. Mill town: a social history of Everett, Washington, from its earliest beginnings on the shores of Puget Sound to the tragic and infamous event known as the Everett Massacre. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

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Cogan, Douglas G. 1992. Shareholders press environmental issues: a 10-point environmental code known as the Valdez Principles has once again captured the limelight at many of this year's annual meetings. Directors & Boards 16(4): 53-57, Summer 1992. (Cogan, with the Investor Resonsibility Research Center, surveys shareholder activism regarding the Valdez Principles. He says that 22.2 percent of the shareholders of Burlington Resources' voted for a resolution requiring the company to prepare a report on its reactions to the Valdez Principles of environmental corporate responsibility; this is the first time more than 20 percent of any corporation's shareholders have approved a "social proxy" issue other than South Africa).

Cohen, Todd and Joni Balter. 1988. Deal assures Burke-Gilman Trail extension. Seattle Times, July 9, 1988.

Cole, Jeff. 1985. Group says BN, Champion paid no tax. Missoulian, May 15, 1985. Reprinted in Transitions, May 1992, p.42. (Citizens for Tax Justice's 1984 study "Corporate Income Taxes in the Reagan Years" said BN and Champion paid no income taxes in the three years 1981 through 1983. BN's 1981-1983 profits were $1.7 billion; BN qualified for a tax refund of $37.6 million. BN claims they paid about $200,000 per year in federal income taxes for those years, and that 1984 and 1985 taxes would be $34 million and $50 million. See also Siegner, 1986).

Coleman, Edmund T. 1875. Puget Sound, and the Northern Pacific Railroad. II. London, Cassell, Petter and Galpin [1875?]. Coleman, Edmund T. Puget Sound and the Northern Pacific Railroad. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 23: 243-260.

Columbia University, Academy of Political Science. 1917. Labor disputes and public service corporations; a series of addresses and papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of political science in the city of New York, November 22-23, 1916; ed. by Henry Raymond Mussey. New York, The Academy of Political Science, 1917.

Columbia University, Academy of Political Science. 1919. Railroad legislation; a series of addresses and papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of political science in the city of New York, November 21-22, 1919, ed by Thurman William Van Metre. New York, The Academy of Political Science, Columbia University, c1919.

Columbia University, Academy of Political Science. 1922. Railroads and business prosperity; a series of addresses and papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of political science in the city of New York, April 28, 1922, ed. by T.W. Van Metre and Parker Thomas Moon. [New York] The Academy of Political Science, Columbia University, 1922.

Columbia University, Academy of Political Science. 1929. Railroad consolidation; a series of addresses and papers presented at the semi-annual meeting of the Academy of political science, April 24, 1929, edited by Parker Thomas Moon. [New York] The Academy of Political Science, Columbia University, 1929.

Columbia University, Academy of Political Science. 1937. Transportation development in the United States; a series of addresses and papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of political science, November 12, 1936, edited by John A. Krout. [New York] The Academy of Political Science, Columbia University, 1937.

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Conant, Michael. 1964. Railroad mergers and abandonemnts. Berkeley: University of California Press. 213 p.

Conklin, Ellis E. 1993. A weary village breathes its last: dying logging hamlet vanishes in a blaze, but without glory. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Dec. 31, 1993, p. B1. (The end of Lester, Washington, founded by Northern Pacific Railroad in 1891; Scott Paper and Tacoma Public Unitilies also managed the area; interviews Gertrude Murphy, age 90).

Connelly, Joel. 1988. The pal-itics of lobbying old colleagues on the Hill. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Dec. 6, 1988. (Grinstein as "great white shark of Northwest lawyer-lobbyists" - aluminum, nuclear, and timber).

Connelly, Joel. 1990. Lincoln policy shaped local forest landscape. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 12, 1990. (Part of a longer article titled "State's private timber falls victim to short-term profits." The Lincoln policy section briefly describes the history of the railroad land grant that benefitted Plum Creek and Weyerhaeuser).

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Cooke, Jay and Co. 1870. The Northern Pacific Railroad's land grant and the future business of the road. Philadephia: Jay Cooke and Co.

Cooke, Jay and Co. 1871? The Northern Pacific Railroad: its route, resources, progress and business; the new Northwest and its great thoroughfare. Philadephia: Jay Cooke and Co. (Includes sections on the land grant's extent and value, and the railroad's construction and finances).

Cooke, Jay. 1870. The Northern Pacific railroad's land grant and the future business of the road. [Philadelphia? Issued by Jay Cooke & Co., bankers. 1870?].

Coolidge, G.H. 1909. Hill against Harriman. The American Magazine 68: 419-429, Sept. 1909.

Coon, Shirley J. 1926. The Economic development of Missoula, Montana. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago. (Chapter 4 and 5 discuss the Montana Improvement Company).

Cooper, James Graham. 1859. The natural history of Washington territory, with much relating to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon, and California, between the thirty-sixth and forty-ninth parallels of latitude, being those parts of the final reports on the survey of the Northern Pacific railroad route, containing the climate and physical geography, with full catalogues and descriptions of the plants and animals collected from 1853 to 1857. By J. G. Cooper, M. D., and Dr. G. Suckley .. This edition contains a new preface, giving a sketch of the explorations, a classified table of contents, and the latest additions by the authors. With fifty-five new plates of scenery, botany, and zoology, and an isothermal chart of the route. New York, Bailliere brothers, London, H. Bailliere; [etc., etc.] 1859.

Copp's Land Owner.

Cords, Marion. 1921. Bibliography of railroads in the Pacific Northwest. Washington (State) Historical Quarterly 17(2): 91-114.

Cornell, Judy Clayton. 1993. The heyday of back country travel. Whitefish: the Magazine of Northwest Montana 6(1): 20-22, 65-67, Summer-Fall 1993. (Anecdotal history of the development and early days of Glacier National Park. "They [the Great Northern Railroad, as park concessionaire] was expected to function for the benefit of the public interest and to respond to Park Service requests. During the 1920's, the Park Service began to exert stiffer control and requested the removal of the sawmill at Many Glacier. The Great Northern was unresponsive and on the occasion of a 1925 visit, NPS Director Stephen Mather personally blasted the mill with 13 charges of dynamite. The relationship between the Great Northern and the NPS cooled after this incident).

Corr, O. Casey. 1988. The chairman: BN's Bressler is one tough boss - and a puzzle. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 22, 1988, p.B4.

Cortner, Richard C. 1993. The iron horse and the Constitution: the railroads and the transformation of the fourteenth amendment. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993.

Cotroneo, Ross Ralph. 1966. The history of the Northern Pacific land grant, 1900-1952. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Idaho. Reprinted in 1979 by Arno Press, NY. 468 p.

Cotroneo, Ross Ralph. 1968. Western land marketing by the Northern Pacific Railway, 1920-1952. Pacific Historical Review 27: 299-320, August 1968.

Cotroneo, Ross Ralph. 1973. Reserving the subsurface: the mineral lands policy of the Northern Pacific Railway, 1900-1954. North Dakota History, Summer 1973.

Cotroneo, Ross Ralph. 1976. Timber marketing by the Northern Pacific Railway, 1920-1952. Journal of Forest History 20(3): 120-131, July 1976.

Cotroneo, Ross Ralph. 1980. United States v. Northern Pacific Railway Company: the final settlement of the land grant case, 1924-1941. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 71(3): 107-111, July 1980.

Cotroneo, Ross Ralph. 1987. Northern Pacific Railway's land-grant sales policies. Montana: The Magazine of Western History 37(2): 40-49.

Coulter, Calvin Brewster. The victory of national irrigation in the Yakima valley, 1902-1906. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 42: 99-122. Illus, map.

Cox, John H. 1937. Organizations of the lumber industry in the Pacific Northwest, 1889-1914. Ph.D. dissertation, Universoty of California, Berkeley. (Discusses Weyerhaeuser's role, and the St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Co. purchase of 80,000 acres from NP in 1887).

Cox, John H. Trade associations in the lumber industry of the Pacific Northwest, 1899-1914. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 41: 285-311.

Cox, Thomas R. 1974. Mills and markets: a history of the Pacific Coast lumber industry to 1900. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Craig, Jerry. 1989. County approves trade. Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, Dec. 12, 1989. (Glacier Park - Cougar Mt. exchange).

Craig, Jerry. 1990. Glacier Park sale imminent. Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, Jan. 15-16, 1990. (14,000 acres in PNW, other areas throughout the U.S. and Canada, for sale for $450 million. Some $40 million has already been sold. Morgan Stanley is handling the sale).

Crawford, T.C. 1885. The Great Land Steals. New York World, May 23, 1885, pp. 1-2.

Creedy, John A. 1983. Why a Congressional investigation of the rail land grants. ICC Practitioners' Journal 50(2):156-162, Jan-Feb 1983. (President of the Water Transportation Association, which has sponsored a series of studies on economic aid to railroads. This article is in response to Frank Wilner's 1981 article in the same journal. States that the railroads' claim to have paid back the government in reduced rates is a myth. Cites numerous agricultural organizations that called in the 1980s for hearings. Cites a Congressional Research Service report [Baldwin, 1981] that stated that Congress could assert jurisdiction over the issue).

Cuff, Daniel F. 1988. Burlignton Northern chief calls its spinoff a gain. New York Times, Sept. 5, 1988, p.23(N), p.29(L). (BN Motors Carriers inc.; Richard Rogan)

Cuff, Daniel F. 1988. Burlington Northern names 2 executives. New York Times, Oct. 21, 1988, p.29(N), p.D3(L). (Grinstein and O'Leary)

Cuff, Daniel F. 1990. SAC leader to retire and join the railroad. New York Times, Dec. 6, 1990, p.C4(N), p.D4(L). (Strategic Air Command Gen. John T. Chain Jr. becomes BN VP).

Cushing, George H. 1909. Hill against Harriman. American Magazine, Sept. 1909.

Daggett, Stuart. 1908. Railroad reorganization. NY: Houghton Mifflin.

Daggett, Stuart. 1922. Chapters on the history of the Southern Pacific. NY: August M. Kelley Publishers, 1966. (Thorough; includes a chapter on SP's oil and timber).

Daggett, Stuart. 1928. Principles of inland transportation. Harper. (Covers regulatory history).

Daggett, Stuart. 1933. Railroad consolidation west of the Mississippi River. University of California Publications in Economics, Vol. 11. Berkeley. Republished by Arno Press.

Daughen, Joseph R. and Peter Binzen. 1971. The wreck of the Penn Central. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. (See also Stephen Salsbury).

Davis, Jefferson. Report on explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. 10 volumes. (Davis was U.S. Secretary of War from 1852 to 1856).

Dawson, Pat. 1987. BN pulls out: is Montana being (de)railroaded? High Country News, Dec. 7, 1987. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1990, p.15-16,17-18. (Sale of 900 miles of BN "short line" to Montana Rail Link and resulting labor problems. October 1987 approval of trade of 350 million tons of coal between the U.S. and Meridian Minerals. U.S. would get 11,553 acres and 181 million tons; BN would get 7,887 acres and 173 million tons. Opposed by Northern Plains Resource Council and National Coal Association. Concerns by Sen. John Melcher and Rep. Pat Williams. Staggers short line loophole challenged by citizens group. BN raid of Milwaukee Road freight business. ICC captured by railroads: Gaskins approved BN purchase of Milwaukee Road track; refuses to disclose details of BN/MRL deal).

Dawson, Pat. 1987. The BN pot continues to boil in Montana. High Country News, Dec. 21, 1987. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1990, p.15. (BN Winona Bridge plan to avoid union rules approved by ICC; called blackmail by Montana Public Service Commissioner Howard Ellis. UTU union says BN wants out of railroad business altogether; file lawsuit against Montana Rail Link deal).

Dearstyne, Bruce W. 1986. Railroads and railroad regulations in New York State, 1900-1913. New York: Garland, 1986.

Decker, Bob. 1990. Timber industry jobs being liquidated. Bozeman Daily Chronicle, Feb. 14, 1990, p.1.

Decker, Leslie Edward. 1960. The railroads and the Land Office: administrative policy and the land patent controversy, 1864-1896. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40: 679-699.

Decker, Leslie Edward. 1961. Railroads, lands and politics: the taxation of railroad land grants, 1864-1897. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 1961. Published in 1964 by Brown University Press, Providence, RI. (Deals with Kansas and Nebraska only).

Defebaugh, James E. 1906-1907. History of the lumber industry in America. Chicago: American Lumberman. 2 vols.

Delahunty, Michael. 1924. The Plum Creek railroad attack, 1867. Nebraska History 7: 38, Apr-June 1924.

Dempsey, Paul S. 1989. The social and economic consequences of deregulation: the transportation industry in transition. Westpool, CT: Quorum Books.

Dempsey, Paul S. and William E. Thomas. 1986. Law and economic regulation in transportation. NY: Quorum Books.

Denne, Loraine. 1990. Burlington Resources bets heavily on oil and gas. Puget Sound Business Journal, July 2, 1990, p.11. (A billion dollars raised since restructuring; spending on energy exploration).

Denney, C.E. 1949. The Northern Pacific: first of the northern transcontinentals. NY: The Newcomen Society.

Deverell, William F. 1989. Building an octopus: railroads and society in late nineteenth century Far West. PhD dissertation. Princeton University.

DeVoto, Bernard. August 1934. The West: a plundered province. Harpers Magazine 169: 355-363.

DeWolf, James. Williams wants limits on BN land grants. Missoulian, Sept. 11, 1982. Reprinted in Transitions, March 1992, p.26. (Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Chairman James McClure and member Henry Jackson are sponsors of a proposal to repeal Section 2-C of the 1920 Minerals Leasing Act, which prohibits land grant railroads from federal coal leases. Rep. Pat Williams introduces bill that would replace Section 2-C with a requirement that land grant railroads or their holding companies use a third of their pre-tax profits for railroad maintenance; a third of the money would be earmarked for branch lines. Williams fears the formation of a BN holding company will mean the siphoning of land grant assets such as coal to non-rail subsidiaries, as happened with the bankrupt Milwaukee Road. See also Mea Andrews article, Sept. 12, 1982, and Missoulian editorial, Sept. 29, 1982).

Dibble, Roy Floyd. 1923. Strenuous Americans. New York, Boni and Liveright [c1923]. (Includes biography of J.J. Hill).

Dickman, Howard Leigh. 1977. James Jerome Hill and the agricultural development of the Northwest. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. (Hill and the Great Northern).

Dietz, David. 1991. Derailments, chemical spills spur concern about rail safety. San Francisco Chronicle, Omaha World-Herald, Dec. 30, 1991. Reprinted in Transitions, Mar. 1992. (Cites Federal Railroad Administration statistics showing a fourfold increase since 1986 in violations for improper handling of hazardous materials. Describes 1990 Congressional testimony by Citizen Action, and 1991 hearings held by Barbara Boxer in response to the 1991 SP Sacramento River spill. Safety officals blame deregulation for increased competition which has resulted in fewer safety inspections. Railroad officals blame government regulators for nitpicking on routine problems; they say derailments fell 67 percent since 1980. California claims derailments were up 65 percent from 1987 to 1990).

Do, Vinh. 1994. Train station's renovation would affect International District: city studying three different alternatives for King Street Station. International Examiner (Seattle), Feb. 2, 1994, p. 1,9.

Doig, Ivan C. 1969. John J. McGilvra: The Life and Times of an Urban Frontiersman. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.

Doig, Ivan C. 1970. John J. McGilvra and timber tresspass: seeking a Puget Sound timber policy. Forest History 12 (Jan. 1970): 6-17.

Donaldson, Thomas. 1884. The public domain: its history, with statistics. 47th Cong., 2d sess., House Misc. Document No. 45, Pt. 4, Serial 2158. Washington, DC: Govt. Printing Office.

Donnelly, Charles. 1924. The facts about the Northern Pacific land grant, Charles Donnelly. [St. Paul, Minn.: Northern Pacific Railway Co., 1924].

Donnelly, Charles. 1924. The facts about the Northern Pacific land grant. St. Paul: Northern Pacific Railway Co. 24p. (The president of the Northern Pacific defends his railroad).

Donnelly, Charles. 1924. U.S. contests Northern Pacific land grant. Railway Age, June 28, 1924.

Donovan, J.J. 1912. The problem of our logged off lands. American Forestry 18: 467-468, July 1912.

Donway, Walter. 1992. In defense of decades of greed. Wall Street Journal, Sept. 4, 1992. (Donway attacks Matthew Josephson's 1934 book "The Robber Barons," and defends the barons for their ambition, creativity, determination, and profits, in the process blaming the current savings and loan "debacle" on "intrusive government").

Douglas, George H. 1992. All aboard! the railroad in American life. Paragon House. 462 p.

Dowdle, Barney; Hanke, Steve H. 1985. Public timber policy and the wood-products industry. Pages 77-102 in: Forestlands, public and private. San Francisco: Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research.

Downey, Heidi S. 1990. Tracking Down the Law of Railroad Abandonement in the United States. Seattle: University of Washington School of Law, Spring 1990. 43 p. (Peak of 272,000 miles of railroad in 1920, reduced to 141,000 miles in 1990; 3000 miles per year to be abandoned through 1990s. Issues are possession, use, and abandonment, survival of railroads, open space, and recreation areas. Covers Interstate Commerce Act, state common law, and Federal Trails Act Amendments).

Ducker, James H. 1983. Men of the steel rails: workers on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 1869-1900. Lincoln; UNiversity of Nebraska Press.

Due, John F. 1979. State rail plans and programs. Quarterly Review of Economics and Business 19: 109-130, Summer 1979. (Makes the argument that local, small-scale subsidies can be efficient).

Dufwa, Thamar Emelia. 1933. Transcontinental railroad legislation: 1835-1862. M.A. Thesis. Univ. of North Dakota. 161 p.+ Republished by Arno Press in 1981.

Dunham, Harold H. 1937. Some crucial years of the General Land Office, 1875-1890. Agricultural History, 11: 117-141. Reprinted in Carstenson, 1963.

Dunham, Harold H. 1941. Government handout: a study in the administration of the public lands, 1875-1891. Grasmere, NY.

Dunn, Samuel Orace. 1919. Regulation of railways, including a discussion of government ownership versus government control, by Samuel O. Dunn. New York, London, D. Appleton and Company, 1919.

Dunsire, Charles. 1991. The case for heavy rail: for rail transit, why not save money with existing tracks?. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Oct. 13, 1991. (BN and Puget Sound rail transit possibilities; BN "is willing to consider such proposals," but not willing to finance track improvements, passenger coaches, or signalization, or interfere with its freight traffic).

Durbin, Kathie & Paul Koberstein. 1990. New Forestry: trying logging with a lighter touch. Oregonian, Oct. 15, 1990, p.21.

Ebner. 1985. Mineral ownership beneath railroad rights-of-way. Rocky Mt. Mineral Law Inst. 17(1).

Egan, Timothy. 1988. Seattle bids to make old rails new trails. New York Times, Mar. 12, 1988, p.6(N), p.7(L). (Trail sold to Dennis Washington).

Egner, P. R. 1919. The log of the U.S.S. Northern Pacific during the Great World War. A true story of the adventures of the U.S.S Northern Pacific during the war, as seen by P. R. Enger and G. M. Gates, photos by D. R. Lowry. [New York: Brooklyn Eagle Press] 1919?.

Ellefson, Paul V. and Robert N. Stone. 1984. U.S. wood-based industry: industrial organization and performance. New York: Praeger. 479 p.

Ellis, David Maldwyn. 1945. Railroad land grant rates, 1850-1945. Journal of Land and Public Untility Economics 21: 207-227, March 1945. (Rate concessions due the federal government under the land grants were insignificant until the 1930s; but by 1944, the War Department had saved $2 billion [citing Root, 1987, p.111]).

Ellis, David Maldwyn. 1946. Comment on "The Railroad Land Grant Legend in American History Texts" [by Robert S. Henry]. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 1946, 32: 557-563.

Ellis, David Maldwyn. 1946. The forfeiture of railroad land grants, 1867-1894. Mississippi Valley Historical Review, June 1946, 33(1): 27-60. Republished in Gates, 1979.

Ellis, David Maldwyn. 1948. The Oregon and California Railroad land grant 1866-1945. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 39(4): 253-283, Oct. 1948. Also publshed in Gates, 1979.

Engerman, Stanley L. 1972. Some economic issues relating to railroad subsidies and the evaluation of land grants. Journal of Economic History 32(2): 443-463, June 1972.

Engineering & Mining Journal. 1989. Record Idaho gold deposit reported at Beartrack. E&MJ, January 1989, p.7. (Meridian).

Engineering News Record. 1992. Orlando's magic rails. ENR, May 4, 1992, p.21. (The world's first commercial magnetic-levitation train line is planned for Orlando, Florida. The $600-million, 10-mile line, to operate in 1997, is to be financed by Japanese banks and conglomerates, a German unit of Daimler Benz, and U.S. seed money from 1991 federal transportation legislation).

Engineering News Record. 1992. Welded rails on curves save the lives of bears. ENR, Mar. 30, 1992, p.27. (Rail replacement to reduce derailments that spill corn which ferments and intoxicates bears; nine bears had been killed on or near tracks in the past five years).

Epes, James. 1992. Burlington's Glacier Park prepares to close its doors. Puget Sound Business Journal, May 8-14, 1992, p.16. . (Details several recent sales of real estate by "Burlington Northern subsidiary").

Erickson, Jim. 1989. BR arms itself against Pennzoil. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Feb. 24, 1989.

Erickson, Jim. 1990. Behring's firm buys properties of Glacier Park. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 31, 1990. (3800 acres in six parcels: Glacier Ridge, Grand Ridge, Lake Desire, Squak Mt., Novelty Hill).

Erickson, Jim. 1990. Burlington Environmental to go public: sale could bring Sabey $27 million. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 31, 1991.

Ervin, Keith. 1991. Metro takes questions on rail plan: the biggest one: where will line go? Seattle Times, Oct. 16, 1991.

Ervin, Keith. 1991. Toxic corrosives' 'grave' found: trench is near Kent's water supply. Seattle Times, Mar. 30, 1991, p.A5. (Chempro dumping of oil sludge at Landsburg Mine site on Plum Creek land).

Evans, William B. and Robert L. Peterson. 1970. Decision at Colstrip: the Northern Pacific Railway's open pit mining operation. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 61: 129-136, April 1970.

Everett, Carroll. When they were boys, by Carroll Everett and Charles Francis Reed; illustrated by Charles E. Bracker; edited by Helen Mildred Owen [and] Mary E. Owen. Dansville, N. Y., F. A. Owen Publishing Company, c1922.

Fair, Don. 1988. BN sells Burke-Gilman Trail to developer. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Feb. 6, 1988. (Dennis Washington).

Fairweather, Hanford W. 1919. The Northern Pacific Railroad and some of its history. Washington Historical Quarterly 10: 95-101.

Farmer, Brian. 1988. Roslyn logging plan aired. Daily Record (Ellensburg, WA), Oct. 15, 1988.

Farmer. 1926. The railroads and frontier populism. Mississippi Valley Historical Review, p.387-397.

Farnham. Wallace D. 1962. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. Nebraska History 43: 141-167.

Farr, W.H. 1927. Who should control our public lands which contain minerals? Mining Congress Journal 13: 98-100, Feb. 1927).

Feder, Barnaby J. 1994. Shippers wary of a rail merger: 2 lines competing for a Santa Fe deal. New York Times, Nov. 7, 1994, p.C1, C6. (Union Pacific and Burlington Northern advertisements aimed at their respective shareholders ran in the NYT the same day).

Ficken, Robert E. 1979. Weyerhaeuser and the Pacific Northwest timber industry, 1899-1903. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 70: 146-154, Oct. 1979.

Ficken, Robert E. 1987. The forested land: a history of lumbering in western Washington. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 324 p.

Field, Shannon M. 1995. Marlboro man may lend a hand. Billings Gazette, Sept. 8, 1995, p. 1A,9A. (Billings Depot, Inc., a non-profit organization, applied for $1.1 million from Philip Morris Foundation; the restoration of the Northern Pacific depot in Billings also includes a new roof paid for with $220,000 in federal money).

Fishlow, Albert. 1965. American railroads and the transformation of the antebellum economy. Harvard Univ. Press.

Fishlow, Albert. Economic contribution of American railroads.

Fleisig, Heywood. 1973. The Union Pacific Railroad and the railroad land grant controversy. Explorations in Economic History 11. (Disputes Mercer).

Fleisig, Heywood. 1975. The Central Pacific and the railroad land grant controversy. Journal of Economic History 35. (Disputes Mercer).

Flores, Michele Matassa. 1991. Industrial land in Magnolia is purchased. Seattle Times, June 26, 1991. (Sale by Glacier Park).

Fogel, Robert W. 1960. The Union Pacific Railroad: a case in premature enterprise. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Fogel, Robert W. 1964. Railroads and American economic growth: essays in econometric history. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Forbes. 1967. Union Pacific's Western empire. Forbes, Mar. 1, 1967, p.34-40,45. (History of Harriman family; value of natural resources; financial problems).

Forbes. 1978. Burlington Northern: an elephant by the tail. Forbes, Oct. 30, 1978, p.98-99. (Financial problems; maintenance expenses; natural resources; says BN is "consuming itself." Accompanied by an article on the problems of railroad mergers).

Fortune. 1978. The big play at Chicago Milwaukee. Fortune, May 22, 1978.

Foster, George. 1991. Critics worry about dump site's past. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Apr. 24, 1991, p.B3. (Chempro involvement in illegal dumping of oil sludge at Black Diamond).

Foster, George. 1991. Landfill proposal draws fire at hearing in Black Diamond. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Apr. 24, 1991, p.B3.

Foster, George. 1991. Toxins found in drums at Ravensdale mine site. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 10, 1991, p.B1,B8. (Drums found at old Landsberg mine found to contain solvents, including phenol, toluene, xylene, and acetone, heavy metals, cyanide, and PCBs. The six firms potentially liable for cleanup are PACCAR, BE, BR, Chempro, Meridian Oil, and Plum Creek.

Foster, George. Short-term benefits seen with valley train. Seattle Post-Intelligencr, Jan. 25, 1991. (proposal for BN Auburn-Seattle light rail similar to BN service in Chicago).

Foster, J. Todd. xxx , reprinted in Transitions, June-July 1995, p. 8, 10. (Reviews the Inland Empire Public Lands Council's book "Railroads & Clearcuts").

Frederick, David C. 1991. Railroads, robber barons, and the saving of Stanford University. Western Legal History 4(2): 224-256. (Discusses the roles of judges Field and Sawyer).

Freeman, James W. 1985. The ties that bind: railroads, coal, utilities, the ICC, and the public interest. Transportation Law Journal 14(1). (Covers legislative and regulatory actions regarding revenue adequacy, market dominance, coal rate guidleines, and export coal).

Frey, H. Thomas. 1979. Major uses of land in the United States: 1974. Agricultural Economics Report 440. Wash, DC: Statistics and Cooperative Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Frey, Robert L. and Lorenz P. Schrenk. 1985. Northern Pacfifc Railway supersteam era: 1925-1945. San Marino, CA: Golden West Books. 2 vols.

Frey, Robert L., ed. 1988. Railroads in the 19th century. Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography. NY: Facts on File. 491 p.

Frey, Robert L., ed. 1988. Railroads in the nineteenth century / edited by Robert L Frey. New York: Facts on File, c1988.

Friedlander, Ann F. 1971. Social costs of regulating the railroads. American Economic Review 61: 226-234, May 1971.

Friedlander, Ann F. and Richard H. Spady. 1981. Freight transportation regulation: equity, efficiency, and competition in the rail and trucking industries. MIT Press.

Friedman, Jesse J. and Associates. 1980. Grants of public aid to railroads. (Series of studies sponsored by the Water Transportation Association).

Fries, Robert F. 1951. Empire in pine: the story of lumbering in Wisconsin, 1830-1900. Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

Gaboury, Jane. 992. Getting America on track for high-speed rail. Civil Engineering News, April 1992, p.18-19. (Short summaries of two dozen projects currently being studied or underway around the U.S.).

Gaertner, John T. 1990. North Bank Road: the Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway. Pullman: Washington State University Press. 246 p. + photographs. (History from the Hill/Harriman battle to the acquisition by BN, by a BN dispatcher).

Gates, Charles Marvin. A historical sketch of the economic development of Washington since statehood. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 39: 214-232.

Gates, Paul W. 1934. The Illinois Central Railroad and its colonization work. Cambridge, Mass.

Gates, Paul Wallace, editor. 1979. Public land policies: management and disposal. New York: Arno Press.

Gates, Paul Wallace. 1936. The Homestead Law in an incongruous land system. American Historical Review 41: 662, July 1936.

Gates, Paul Wallace. 1942. The role of the land speculator in Western development. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 46: 314-333, July 1942.

Gates, Paul Wallace. 1943. The Wisconsin pine lands of Cornell University: a study in land policy and absentee ownership. Ithaca, NY, 1943.

Gates, Paul Wallace. 1945. Frontier landlords and pioneer tenants. Ithaca.

Gates, Paul Wallace. 1954. The railroad land grant legend. Journal of Economic History 14(2): 143-146, Spring 1954.

Gates, Paul Wallace. 1968. History of public land law development. Washington, DC: Public Land Law Review Commission, Nov. 1968. (See especially Chapter 14, "Land Grants for Railroads and Internal Improvements").

George, Henry. 1868. What the railroad will bring us. Overland Monthly 1(4), Oct. 1868.

George, Peter James. 1967. Government subsidies and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Doctoral dissertation. University of Toronto. Republished by Arno Press.

George, Peter James. 1968. Rates of return in railway investment and implications for government subsidization of the Candian Pacific Railway: some preliminary results. Canadian Journal of Economics, Nov. 1968.

Geranios, Nicholas K. 1989. Incinerator firm narrows hunt for Eastern Washington site. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Mar. 5, 1989. (ECOS down to Lind, Kahlotus, and Wilbur).

Geranios, Nicholas K. 1991. Study says state should purchase Stampede Pass rail line. Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, Feb. 22, 1991. (Yakima Co. Economic Development Assoc. study).

Gibbons, Glen. 1990. On track with GPS. GPS World: News and Applications of the Global Positioning System, May/June 1990. Reprinted by the BN ARES Dept, Overland Park, Kansas. 9 p. . (Describes the BN GPS-based Advanced Railroad Electronics System (ARES). Data on location and speed of trains is fed into a command and control system via microwave and fiber-optics for computerized traffic planning.

Gibson, Dorothy. 1995. Letters to the editor: readers address Great Northern rail history. St. Paul Pioneer Press, June 15, 1995, reprinted in Transitions, June-July 1995, p. 15. (Corrects Charles Laszewski article of May 26in which he incorrectly says the 40 million acre Northern Pacific Railroad land grant was granted to the Great Northern Railroad; lists the grants that did benefit the Great Northern).

Gibson, Paul. 1981. Burlington Northern: a railroad for the long haul. Forbes, April 27, 1981. (Bressler is quoted as saying "You couldn't put such an array of assets together at any price.")

Gilje, Svein. 1988. BN chairman blasts city on trail sale: flap "blown way out of proportion." Seattle Times, Mar 22, 1988. (Bressler).

Gilje, Svein. 1988. Rail-car business up sharply for BN. Seattle Times, Mar 22, 1988, p.D5.

Gillie, John. 1990. Tax breaks add to timber profits. Tacoma Morning News Tribune, May 27, 1990. Reprinted in Transitions, Mar. 1991, p.18; and May 1992, p.39. (Limited partnerships by Plum Creek, International Paper, and ITT are based on high debt and big returns; pay no tax on natural resource income. PC return was 39 percent in first 11 months; tax rate only 3 percent, on manufacturing only).

Gillis, Robin. 1991. Waste projects put breadbasket at risk. Spokesman Review, May 5, 1991. Reprinted in Transitions, Feb. 1992, p.48. (Guest editorial against Waste Management landfill and ECOS incinerator).

Gilman, L. The Spokane, Portland, & Seattle Railroad Company. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 14: 14-20.

Glacier National Park archives. Ruhle Library.

Glaspell, Kate Eldridge, "Incidents in the Life of a Pioneer," North Dakota Historical Quarterly, 1941, 187-188.

Glischinski, Steve. Burlington Northern and its heritage. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International. (Pictorial).

Glover, Darrell. 1989. North Village plan gets nod. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Mar 17, 1989, p.D13. (Glacier Ridge residential community).

Glover, E. S. 1878. View of New Tacoma and Mount Rainier, Puget Sound, Washington Territory [map]: terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad, drawn and published by E.S. Glover. Portland, Or.: E. Glover, c1878 (San Francisco, Cal.: A.L. Bancroft & Co.).

Goble, Paul. Death of the Iron Horse. (Children's book on the Indian derailment of the Union Pacific's train named the Plum Creek).

Godden, Jean. 1988. Burke-Gilman trail didn't make BN's problem list. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Apr. 28, 1988.

Goetz, James H. 1979. The feasibility of legal and/or legislative recourse to remedy violations of the provisions of the Northern Pacific land grant. Memo to Rick Applegate, Director, Center for Balanced Transportation. Bozeman, MT: Goetz & Madden, Feb. 5, 1979. 114 p.

Goldsmith, Steven. Former port official put hopes in steel containers. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Oct. 14, 1988. (Mic Dinsmore, BN Worldwide VP).

Goodrich, Carter. 1960. Government promotion of American canals and railroads, 1800-1890. NY: Columbia Univ. Press. 382 p.

Gordon, G.A. 1924. Government contests land claims of Northern Pacific Railroad. American Forests and Forest Life 30: 227.

Gorlick, Artgur C. 1989. Born into poverty, he hands out millions. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Jan. 15, 1989, p.F5. (Donald North, BN Foundation president).

Gose, Thomas P. 1924. The Walla Walla County Farm Bureau, an organization of farmers, and the Farmers Union, an organization of grain growers of Walla Walla, Washington vs. Northern Pacific Railway Company, the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company, the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway Company. Brief of complainants T.P. Gose and W.F Crowe .. Scott Z. Henderson .. attorneys for complainants. [n.p.] 1924.

Gough, William. 1991. Restored railway station is envisioned. Seattle Times, Jan. 22, 1991, p.B3. (Proposal to use federal funds to restore 1906 King Street Station).

Gradinsky, Julius. 1962. Transcontinental railway strategy, 1869-1893: a study of businessmen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 443 p.

Graham, Howard J. 1968. Everyman's Constitution. Madison. (Includes discussion of judicial decisions by Field and Sawyer, which ruled in favor of corporations as persons protected under due proces of law).

Graham, Kenneth R. 1980. Rail-based holding companies: a view of some indicators of strategy, management change, and financial performance. Transportation Journal, Summer 1980, p.73-77.

Graves, H.S. 1920. The Northern Pacific Railway or the nation -- which? Journal of Forestry 18: 676-680 (July 1920).

Great Falls Tribune. 1977. BN, Forest Service viewing land swap. Great Falls Tribune, Apr. 15, 1977.

Great Falls Tribune. 1978. BN requesting logging road in wilderness. Great Falls Tribune, Aug. 15, 1978.

Great Northern Railway Co. Papers. Part 1, 1862-1922. Series A: Board of Directors minutes and corporate histories. Series B: labor. Series C: settlement and development. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1985. (From Minnesota Historical Society collection).

Great Northern Railway Company. 1929. Dedication and opening of the new Cascade Tunnel, a monument to James J. Hill. Addresses delivered during the coast to coast radio broadcasting program and at the banquet in the construction camp, Scenic, Washington, January 12, 1929. [St. Paul? Minn., 1929].

Great Northern, Northern Pacific, Burlington, and Spokane, Portland, & Seattle. 1961. Consolidation: key to transportation progress. St. Paul? [GN Papers, 2, 20].

Great Northern. 1913. Taxation of railroad property in the state of Washington .. [by] Great Northern Railway Company, Northern Pacific Railway Company, Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. [n.p., 1913?].

Great Northern. 1928. Public interest in unification; a statement by Great Northern Railway Company [and] Northern Pacific Railway Company. [St. Paul, 1928?]. (Justifies merger).

Great Northern. Great Northern Goat.

Green, Alan W., Renee A. O'Brien, and James C. Schaefer. 1985. Montana timber. Ogden, UT: U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (Private lands are being overcut; public lands unlikely to make up for a shortage).

Green, R. 1985. The Northern Pacific Railway. Seattle: Northwest Shoreline.

Green, Richard. 1985. The Northern Pacific Railway of McGee and Nixon: classic photographs of equipment and environment during the 1930-1955 period, by Richard Green. Seattle, WA: Northwest Short Line, c1985.

Green, Thomas L. 1891. Railroad stock-watering. Political Science Quarterly 6: 474-492.

Greenberg, Dolores. 1980. Financiers and railroads...

Greenberg, Dolores. articles in Business History...

Greene, Sheldon. 1976. Promised Land: A Contemporary Critique of Distribution of Public Land by the United States, Ecology Law Quarterly 1976, 5: 707-751.

Greene, Sheldon; David Kirkpatrick; David M. Madway; and Richard Pearl. 1975. Petition for Return of Railroad Lands. Pages 12-16 in: The People's Land: A Reader on Land Reform in the United States, edited by Peter Barnes. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1975. (Filed in 1972 as an administrative complaint to the Secretary of the Interior; his reply was filed on August 31, 1972, "on behalf of the Southern Pacific Transportation and Southern Pacific Land Company")

Greever, William S. 1951. A comparison of railroad land-grant policies. Agricultural History 25: 83-90, April 1951.

Greever, William S. 1954. Arid domain; the Santa Fe Railway and its western land grant. Stanford [Calif.] Stanford University Press [1954].

Greever, William S. Two Arizona lieu land exchanges. Pacific Historical Review 19:137-149.

Grinnell. The Fighting Cheyenne.

Grodinsky, Julius. 1957. Jay Gould, his business career, 1867-1892. Philadelphia. Republished by Arno Press.

Grodinsky, Julius. 1962. Transcontinental railway strategy: 1869-1893: a study of businessmen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Grossman, Richard L. and Frank T. Adams. 1993. Taking care of business: citizenship and the charter of incorporation. Cambridge, MA: Charter, Ink, January 1993. 32 p. (Traces the history of corporations, from the limited charters of the 19th century to the unlimited legal power they possess today. Because of the central role of railroads in the development of the modern corporation, this booklet includes discussion of court decisions involving land grant railroads, such as Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific, U.S. Supreme Court, 1886, which gave corporations the same rights as individuals under the Bill of Rights and the 14th Amendment).

Grunbaum, Rami. 1990. Burlington Environmental on block: Sabey could cash out in big way on his flourishing 1986 acquisition. Puget Sound Business Journal, April 9, 1990.

Grunbaum, Rami. 1992. Burlington may sell its Plum Creek Timber stake to Bass. Puget Sound Business Journal, Oct. 2-Oct. 8, 1992. (See also Virgin, Oct. 3, 1992).

Guptill, Albert Brewer. 1892. A ramble in wonderland, being a description of the marvelous region traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad, Illustratd from photos by Haynes. St. Paul: Northern Pacific Railroad, 1892.

Haas. The Report of Herr Haas. Berlin, Nov. 30, 1871. Published in the New York Tribune and republished in Penny-an-Acre Empire in the West, by Edgar I. Stewart. (Written by a Prussian government railroad director for Berlin capitalists interested in investing in the Northern Pacific. Haas reported that the NP couldn't pay interest on its bonds, and that the investment was not safe. The report goes into some detail on the finances of the railroad and the lands it was granted and what the sale of them would raise. The report is followed by a Sept. 27, 1873 rebuttal from NP President G.W. Cass, in which he claims that the sale of lands is more than sufficient to pay off the bonds).

Hadley, Arthur Twining. 1968. Railroad transportation, its history and its laws. New York, N.Y.: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968.

Hadley, Jane. 1988. Two strong competitors in race to build hazardous waste burner. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Aug. 31, 1988. (ECOS & Rabanco).

Hage, Dave and John J. Oslund. 1988. Collision course: unions, railroads get ready for standoff over crew reductions. Seattle Times, July 19, 1988.

Hagenbloom, Ari and Olive. 1976. A history of the ICC. NY: WW Norton & Co.

Hair, Dwight. 1958. Historical forestry statistics of the United States. USDA Forest Service Stat. Bull. No. 228. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.

Hall, Ridgeway M. Jr. 1975. Straightening out the rails. Environment 17(6): 16-20, Sept. 1975.

Halliday, Samuel Dumont. 1905. History of the agricultural college land grant act of July 2, 1862. Devoted largely to the history of the "land scrip" which under that grant was allotted to the State of New York and afterwards given to Cornell University. Ithaca, N. Y., Ithaca Democrat Press, 1905. (Ezra Cornell; Cornell University "in lieu" land in Wisconsin was later sold to Weyerhaeuser).

Hamburg, James Frederic. 1969. The influence of railroads upon the processes and patterns of settlement in South Dakota. Doctoral dissertation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. Republished by Arno Press in 1981.

Hamilton, Garrison W. 1936. Harry Prater and Floyd Prater .. respondents, and Inland Empire Dairy Association .. intervenor-respondent, vs. the Department of Public Service of the state of Washington appellants, and Washington Motor Freight Association intervenor, and Northern Pacific Railway Company intervenors. No. 26251. Brief of appellants. Appeal from the judgment of the Superior Court for Spokane County Honorable William A. Huneke, judge. G.W. Hamilton, attorney general; Don Cary Smith, assistant attorney general; Frederick J. Lordan, Will M. Derig, attorneys, attorneys for the appellants. Olympia [State Printing Plant, 1936?].

Hamilton, Martha. 1988. Railroad owner to spin off its resources arm. Washington Post, June 3, 1988, p.G1.

Haney, Lewis H. 1910. A Congressional history of railways in the United States. Madison, 1910. A.M. Kelley, 1968. 2 vols in one.

Haney, Lewis. 1906. A congressional history of railways to 1850. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin 3(2).

Hanford, Cornelius Holgate. The orphan railroad and the rams horn right of way. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 14: 83-99.

Hanson, Joseph H. 1883. Grand opening of the Northern Pacific railway. Celebration at St. Paul, Minnesota. The eastern terminus. September 3rd, 1883. Issued by order of the city of St. Paul. Comp by J. H. Hanson. St. Paul, Brown & Treacy [1883].

Harney, Thomas Porter. 1956. Charles Barstow Wright, 1822-1898, a builder of the Northern Pacific Railroad and of the city of Tacoma, Washington. [Tacoma?] 1956.

Harney, Thomas. 1956. Charles Barstown Wright, 1822-1898, a builder of the Northern Pacific Railroad and City of Tacoma.

Harnsberger, John L. 1956. Jay Cooke and Minnesota: the formative years of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 1868-1873. Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Republished by Arno Press in 1981.

Harnsberger, John Lewis. 1981. Jay Cooke and Minnesota: the formative years of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 1868-1873, John L. Harnsberger. New York: Arno Press, 1981.

Harrell, Debera Carlton. 1988. BN and city agree on plan for extending trail. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Sept 15, 1988. (Burke Gilman).

Harrell, Debera Carlton. 1989. Extension of trail is agreed on. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Jan. 25, 1989. (Burke-Gilman Trail).

Harris, Robert G. 1977. Rationalizing the rail freight industry: a case study in institutional failure and proposals for reform. Sloan Working Paper 7705. University of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Economics, Sept. 1977.

Harris, Robert G. 1980. Economic analysis of light density rail lines. Logistics and transportation Review 16: 3-29 (Jan. 1980). (Says most abandonments from 1920 to 1976 were accepted by shippers and local governments).

Harris, Robert G. and Clifford Winston. The potential benefits of rail mergers. Review of Economics and Statistics.

Hassler, Charles W. 1876. Railroad rings and their relation to the railroad question in this country. New York.

Hatch, Walter. 1987. "Political white lie" by Gardner. Seattle Times, July 1, 1987. p. A1.

Hatch, Walter. 1987. The private man behind those public smiles: Booth Gardner grew up with lots of money but no roots. Pacific Magazine (Seattle Times/Seattle Post-Intelligencer), p.10-18, July 26, 1987.

Hay, William W. 1982. Railroad engineering. 2nd edition. NY: John Wiley & Sons. (The first two chapters have basic information on percentages of passenger and freight traffic 1950-1978, municipal rapid transit systems, capital requirements of railroads 1948-1980, and railroad commodities by volume and revenues).

Hayes, Janice. 1988. BN activates subsidiary in labor dispute. Seattle Times, Mar. 15, 1988. (Winona Bridge not subject to BN labor contracts).

Hayes, Thomas C. 1989. Burlington Resources plans sale: partnership to get 88% of timber unit. New York Times, Apr. 14, 1989, P.C4(N), P.D4(L).

Haynes, Frank Jay. 1884. Northern Pacific, [photographed and published by F. Jay Haynes]. Fargo, Dakota: F.J. Haynes, c1884.

Hazardous Materials Intelligence Report. 1989. Burlington Environmental makes acquisitions to expand into hazardous materials management field. HMIR, Jan. 13, 1989, p.7. (Buys Crowley).

Hazardous Materials Intelligence Report. 1989. Second round of technical assistance grants awarded to citizens' groups in communities near NPL sites. HMIR, Jan. 13, 1989, p.5. (Awarded to Flathead Lake Protection Association, for the BN Superfund site at Somers, Montana).

Hazardous Materials Intelligence Report. 1992. Burlington Environmental receives TSCA permit for technology to decontaminate PCBs. HMIR, Jan 3 1992, p.6. (Five-year permit for its mobile units for decontaminating pipeline compressed air systems and parts.

Hazmat World. 1990. Hazmat World, Aug. 1990, p.26. (Chempro agrees to conduct site assessment and groundwater study of Seattle Pier 91 property to comply with RCRA).

Healy, Tim. 1988. BN unit buys hazardous-waste firm. Seattle Times, Mar. 3, 1988. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1990, p.21. (Glacier Park buys control of Chempro from Sabey).

Healy, Tim. 1991. Chempro gets final OKs on cleanup of waste plant. Seattle Times, Sept., 10, 1991, p.D3. (Georgetown site).

Heberlein, Greg. 1989. Burlington Resources is value waiting to happen, analysts say. Seattle Times, Jan. 16, 1989.

Heberlein, Greg. 1989. Pennzoil takes big stake in Burlington Resources. Seattle Times, Feb. 6, 1989, p.F7.

Heberlein, Greg. 1993. Dow ends six-week ride into records; Northwest stock community welcomes two new members. June 12, 1993, p.D1. (Burlington Coal Seam Gas Royalty Trust established "as a financial conduit of natural gas from a New Mexico field to Meridian [Oil]. Investors get a quarterly payout plus a tax credit").

Heberlein, Greg. 1996. Avoid annual metings that are in-Delhi-able. Seattle Times, Mar. 24, 1996, p. E1, E7. ("Although the company was well-run, you never saw that at a Burlington Northern meeting when Dick Bressler was at the controls. The iron-fisted Bressler was the master of the One-Minute Meeting. Actually, his record was something like seven minutes. A meeting that ran 20 minutes easily was two years' worth. Bressler believed Burlington Northern was not a consumer commodity that you'd find at the grocery store, so annual meetings were a legal necessity and nothing else.").

Heberlein, Greg. BN announces plan to restructure. Seattle Times, June 2, 1988. (BR spinoff).

Hedges, James Blaine. 1924. The development of transportation in the Pacific Northwest, 1860-1893, as reflected in the career of Henry Villard. PhD. dissertation. Cambridge: Harvard Univ.

Hedges, James Blaine. 1926. The colonization work of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 13: 314-321, Dec. 1926.

Hedges, James Blaine. 1928-1929. Promotion of immigration to the Pacific Northwest by the railroads. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 15: 183-203.

Hedges, James Blaine. 1930. Henry Villard and the railways of the Northwest. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. Republished by Russell and Russell, New York, in 1967. 224 p.

Hedges, James Blaine. 1934. The federal railway land subsidy policy of Canada. Harvard University Press. 151 p.

Hedges, James Blaine. 1939. Building the Candaian West: the land and colonization policies of the Canadian Pacific Railway. New York.

Hedron, Paul L., editor. The great Sioux war 1876-77.

Heidelmark, William J. et al. 1983. Taxation of railroads, other transportation companies, and other businesses: a survey of state law: summary report / William Heidelmark, Sylvia Adams, Michael Chiffolo. Albany, N.Y.: State Board of Equalizaton and Assessment, State of New York, [1983].

Helena Daily Herald. 1888. Proceedings relating to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company's claim to the mineral lands of Montana. 27 p. (Montana Moneral Lands Convention; miners vs. Northern Pacific obtaining patents on grant lands).

Henderson, Dean. 1993. Burlington Northern: on the wrong track. Multinational Monitor 14(3): 26-30, Mar. 1993. (Discusses labor, environmental, social, and corporate issues; contains several factual errors).

Henry, Robert S. 1945. The railroad land grant legend in American history texts. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 32(2): 171-194, Sept. 1945. (Henry was employed by the Association of American Railroads. Discussion by Ellis, Riegel, Shannon, Kirkland, Morgan, followed in issues 32(4), 33(1), and 33(3), and by Gates in Journal of Economic History, Spring 1954. Henry's article and its critics were reprinted in Carstensen, 1963).

Herndon, Grace. 1991. Cut & run: saying goodbye to the last great forests in the West. Telluride, CO: Western Eye Press.

Hibbard, Benjamin Horace. 1924, 1939. A history of the public land policies. NY: Peter Smith. Republished by University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, in 1965.

Hidy, Ralph W., Frank Ernest Hill, and Allan Nevins. 1963. Timber and men: the Weyerhaeuser story. New York: The Macmillan Co. (Details Northern Pacific land sales to Weyerhaeuser companies).

Hidy, Ralph W., Muriel E. Hidy, and Roy V. Scott, with Don L. Hofsommer. 1988. The Great Northern Railway: a history. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. (There is also a two-volume manuscript originally intended for publication.)

Higgins, Mark. 1990. Commuter rail line draws interest: Burlington Northern proposes using its tracks in Auburn run. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Oct. 27, 1991.

Higgins, Mark. 1991. Commuter rail service is "on track." Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 1, 1991, p.A1,A8. (Seattle Metro, local officials, and BN join in lobbying Congress for light rail transit funds, with estimated cost rising from $36 to $100 million).

Higgins, Mark. 1992. Eastside train plan in trouble. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Apr. 28, 1992. (Study shows a Bellevue to Renton commuter train would cost $104 million for stations, engines, coaches, and BN track upgrade. Another $5 million per year would be needed for operation and maintenance. Existing tracks are not located at Boeing-Renton and downtown Bellevue, where demand for service would be highest).

Higgins, Mark. 1992. Seattle-Everett commuter train service proposed. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Dec. 30, 1992. (BN is drafting proposal as part of a $9 billion publicly-funded transit package).

Highsmith, R.M. Jr. 1955. Resources and the regional economy. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 46: 25-29, Jan. 1955.

Hightower, Jim. 1978. Hard tomatoes, hard times,: the original Hightower report, unexpurgated, of the agribusiness Accountability Project on the failure of America's land grant college complex and selected additional views of the problems and prospects of American agriculture in the late seventies / forewords by Harry M. Scoble and James Abourezk. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Pub. Co., c1978.

Hill, James Jerome, Charles R. Flint, James H. Bridge, S.C.T. Dodd, and Francis B. Thurber. 1902. The trust: its book, being a presentation of the several aspects of the latest form of industrial evolution. Edited by James H. Bridge. New York.

Hill, James Jerome. 1902. Address to the Illinois Manufacturer's Association, Chicago, June 4, 1902. [n.p., 1902?].

Hill, James Jerome. 1905. The future of our Oriental trade. World's Work 10: 6465-6467.

Hill, James Jerome. 1910. A lost opportunity on the Pacific. World's Work 19: 12481-12503. (Attempts to connect rail lines with Japanese steamship lines and his own Great Northern Steamship Co., organized in 1900, especially to sell cotton, lumber and wheat. See Best, 1973; and Lamb, 1943).

Hill, James Jerome. 1910. Highways of progress. New York, Doubleday, Page & Company, 1910, 1912.

Hill, James Jerome. 1910. The Great Northern and the Northwest. St. Paul: The GN.

Hill, James Jerome. Hill Farm Facts.

Hill, James Jerome. The James J. Hill papers. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. Personal and Private Series, 1874, 1877-1916.

Hill, James Jerome. The nation's future. (30-page pamphlet regarding population and agricultural production).

Hill, Louis W. Louis W. Hill papers. [JJH].

Hines, Walker Downer. 1974. War history of American railroads. [Englewood Cliffs, N.J.]: J.S. Oser, 1974.

Hofsommer, Don L. 1976. Railroads of the trans-Mississippi West: a selected bibliography of books. Plainview, TX: Llano Estecado Museum. 92 p.

Hofsommer, Don L. 1986. The Southern Pacific, 1901-1985. College Station, TX.

Hofsommer, Don L. 1988. Hill's dream realized: the Burlington Northern's eight-decade gestation. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 79(4): 138-146, October 1988.

Holbrook, Stewart H. 1947. The story of American railroads. New York: Crown Publishers.

Holbrook, Stewart. 1953. The age of moguls: the story of the robber barons and the great tycoons. NY: Doubleday. NY: Harmony Books, 1985. 373 p. . (Good summary of Hill/Harriman battles).

Holbrook, Stewart. 1955. James J. Hill: a great life in brief. NY: Alfred A. Knopf. Republished in 1967. 205 p.

Holt, Gordy. 1991. Mine allowed to stay open despite pollution that seeps into streams. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Apr. 26, 1991. (Richard Schroeder-Sunset Quarries' Squak Mt. mine site leased from Meridian Aggregates).

Hoolcomb, Mary C. et al. 1987. Transportation energy data book: edition 9. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Hopkins, Jack. 1990. Charges in toxic dumping. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 18, 1990. (Chempro and John Charles Nelson of John's AAA Waste Oil of Sumner).

Hopkins, Jack. 1991. Man pleads guilty to theft charges in dumping scam. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Jan. 29, 1991, P.B3. (court papers show Chempro accepted payment from Nelson).

Horning, John. BM coal swap called a gross inequity and a water threat. High Country News, Feb. 11, 1991. Reprinted in Transitions, Feb. 1992, p.51. (Meridian Minerals wants to swap 3674 acres of BLM land for 9873 acres of recreational lands along Big Hole and Madison Rivers. Checkerboard ownership in Bull Mountains prevents development of coal; Meridian has proposed a 3-million-ton per-year mine. Bull Mountains Landowners Association president Pete Tulley says BLM valued the coal at 1.7 cents per ton when prices are $1.60. BLM study says devaluation is because coal couldn't be developed for 20 to 40 years; others say Meridian may actually want to sell subsurface rights. BLM EIS says mine impacts would be minimal. Montana State Dept. of Lands' Bonnie Lovelace has concerns regarding new longwall mining effects on springs and water supplies. Second EIS due Fall 1991).

Horton, Dexter. 1877. In Congress: the people of Washington Territory vs. the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. Claim. The restoration of the public lands to settlement. Seattle, Intelligencer Printing Office, 1877.

Hotchkiss, George W. 1898. History of the lumber and forest industry of the Northwest. Chicago: George W. Hotchkiss & Co.

Howard, Tom. 1991. Mining firm pulls leases of protestor. Billings Gazette, May 16, 1991. Reprinted in Transitions, Feb. 1992, p.50. (Meridian against ranchers grazing Bull Mountains; Sumitomo negotiating with Meridian for coal. Bull Mountains Landowners Association president Pete Tulley, a member of Northern Plains Resource Council, leased land from Glacier Park. BLM recently approved coal-for-land exchange to consolidate checkerboards with Meridian; see also John Horning, Feb. 11, 1991).

Hown, Cloice R. 1924. Development of lumber industry of West Coast. Timberman 25: 194-198, August 1924.

Hoxie, Frederick. Parading through history. (Includes short discussion of Crow Indians and the Northern Pacific Railroad).

Hubbard, Elbert, 1856-1915. Little journeys to the homes of great business men, by Elbert Hubbard. East Aurora, N.Y., The Roycrofters, 1909. (Includes anecdotes of Robert Owen, James Oliver, Stephen Girard, Rochschiold, Armour, Astor, Peter Cooper, Carnegie, George Peabody, Alexander Stewart, and J.J. Hill).

Humann, Stanley. 1997. Swap: ownership of land in qustion upheld by U.S. Supreme Court. Letter to editor, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 1997. (Former manager of University of Washington Pack Forest claims that the U.S. Congress ruled that the Northern Pacific fulfilled its obligations and entitlement to the railroad land grants, and that a proposed Plum Creek Timber land exchange should therefore be carried out).

Huneke, William F. 1985. The heavy hand: the government and the Union Pacific, 1862- 1898. New York: Garland Pub., 1985.

Huntington, Collis. Letters to David Colton revealing railroad finances and politics. Published in the San Francisco Chronicle and New York World in 1883.

Husband, Joseph. 1920. Americans by adoption; brief biographies of great citizens born in foreign lands. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, [1920]. (Includes biography of J.J. Hill).

Hwang, Suein L. 1991. Stock of Burlington Northern declines on write-off plans. Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1991, p.A4(W), p.A10(E).

Hyde, John. 1886. Wonderland; or, Alaska and the inland passage, by Lieut Frederick Schwatka. With a description of the country traversed by the Northern Pacific railroad, by John Hyde. [Chicago, Rand, McNally & co., printers] c1886.

Hyde, John. 1888. Wonderland: or, The Pacific Northwest and Alaska: with a description of the country traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad, by John Hyde. Chicago: Rand McNally, c1888.

Hyde, John. 1889. Northern Pacific tour: the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, with a description of the country traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad, by John Hyde. St. Paul: W. C. Riley, 1889.

Ichioka, Yuji. 1980. Japanese immigrant labor contractors and the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern railroad companies. Labor History 21: 325-350. (Hired after the anti-Chinese movement of the 1880s and the destruction of the American Railway Union in the Pullman strike of 1894).

In Congress: the people of Washington Territory vs. the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. Claim: the restoration of the public lands to settlement; and the recognition of the claim of the Seattle & Walla Walla Railroad Company in the plan of readjustment of the grant of the restored lands.

Independent Record. 1975. State says creek harmed by Gallatin logging operation. Independent Record, Oct. 9, 1975. (Cited in Applegate, 1979, n. 209: Yellowstone Pine cut on BN and USFS land in the Taylor Fork of the Gallatin).

Irwin, Leonard Bertram. 1939. Pacific railways and nationalism in the Canadian-American Northwest, 1845-1873. New York, Greenwood Press, 1968 [c1939].

Isch, Flora Mae Bellefleur. 1950. The importance of railroads in the development of northwestern Montana. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 41:19-29, Jan. 1950.

Itzkoff, Donald M. 1985. Off the track: the decline of the intercity passenger train in the United States. Greenwood Press.

Iverson, Doug. 1995. BN rail may put brakes on 350 jobs in St. Paul. St. Paul Pioneer Press, June 10, 1995, reprinted in Transitions, June-July 1995, p. 17. (Restructuring may cost 2,800 administrative and system support jobs nationwide).

Iwasaki, John. 1988. Another railroad land dispute: Skagit County town protests park rent boost. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 19, 1988. (Burlington city park rent boosted by BN).

James, Edmund Janes. 1910. The origin of the land grant act of 1862 (the so-called Morrill act) and some account of its author, Jonathan B. Turner. Urbana-Champaign, University Press [c1910].

Jamieson, Sean. 1990. BN invests millions in branch line: $8.2 million project serves B.C. smelter. Spokesman Review, July 29, 1990, p.E1,E4. (105 mile branch just finished; BN has 10-year contract with Cominco to haul ore to Trail, BC zinc and lead refinery. The ore comes from the Red Dog in NW Alaska by barge to Vancouver).

Jenks, Leland. 1944. Railroads as an economic force in American development. Journal of Economic History 4(1): 1-20.

Jensen, Derrick, George Draffan, and John Osborn. 1995. Railroads and clearcuts: legacy of Congress's 1864 Northern Pacific Railroad land grant. Spokane, WA: Inland Empire Public Lands Council and Keokee Company Publishng, 1995. 198 p.

Jensen, Vernon H. 1945. Lumber and labor. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc.

Jermane, W.E. 1907. Weyerhaeuser in with Hill on lumber: timberman is director of the Great Northern, and railroad magnate is owner of large forests; heads of the newly-formed trust will soon control both the raw and the finished products. Seattle Daily Times, Sept. 3, 1907. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1992, p. 56-57.

Johnson, Arthur M. and Barry E. Supple. Boston capitalists and Western railroads. Harvard University Press.

Johnson, Edwin F. 1854. Railroads to the Pacific: northern route. NY: Railroad Journal Printing Office.

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Jonasson, Jonas Adalsteinn. They rode the trains: railroad passenger traffic and regional reaction. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 52: 41-49.

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Jones, Peter d'A., editor. 1968. The Robber Barons Revisited. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath & Co. (Essays from various points of view).

Jones, R.M. 1940. Land grant railroad rates. Geo Wash L Rev 8: 930-947, Apr. 1940. (Southern Pacific v. U.S., 59 Sup. Ct. 923).

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Jones, Steve. 1981. Road built in wilderness study area: groups go to court over BN construction. Missoulian, Dec. 5, 1981. Reprinted in Transitions, May 1992, p.36-37. (BN building 16.8-mile road through Buck and Jack Creeks on Beaverhead and Gallatin National Forests, including through Buck Creek RRE II area; conservationsists appeal court decision granting easements. Case may set national precedent on easements under RARE II and the Alaska Lands Act. BN claims an implied easement under the Northern Pacific Railroad land grant).

Josephson, Matthew. 1934. The robber barons: the great American capitalists 1861-1901. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. 474 p.

Julian, George Washington. 1879. Atlantic Monthly 43: 325-337.

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Keeler, Theodore E. 1983. Railroads, freight, and public policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. 180 p. (Good history of railroad regulation, monopoly, deregulation, subsidy, and labor).

Kelley, William Darrah. 1871. The new Northwest: an address, by Hon. Wm. D. Kelley (reported by D. Wolfe Brown, phonographer) on the Northern Pacific Railway, in its relations to the development of the northwestern section of the United States, and to the industrial and commercial interests of the nation. [Philadelphia?: s.n., 1871?].

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Kendall, Edward P. 1896. Gilman's addition to the city of Seattle [map]: showing ideal sketch for future dock improvements of Union Pacific, Northern Pacific and Great Northern Railways on water-fronts owned by them at Salmon Bay and Smith's Cove, drawn by Ed. P. Kendall. Seattle, Wash.: New England Land Co., [1896?].

Kennan, G. The Psychology of Mr. Roosevelt. (In his "Misrepresentation in Railroad Affairs." Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Co. 1916.)

Kennan, George. 1916. Misrepresentation in railroad affairs. Republished by Arno Press.

Kennan, George. 1922. E.H. Harriman. 2 vols. Republished by Arno Press.

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Klein, Maury. 1987. Union Pacific: the birth, 1862-1893.

Klein, Maury. 1990. Union Pacific: the rebirth, 1894-1969.

Klein, Maury. 1994. Unfinished business: the railroad in American life. University of Rhode Island Press.

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Laceky, Tom. 1991. Water is issue beneath Montana mining battle. Seattle Times/Post-Intelligencer. (Meridian Minerals plans for longwall underground coal mine in the Bull Mountains south of Roundup, Montana, where Meridian land holdings were consolidated with a BLM land swap).

Lacitis, Erik. 1988. History lesson: greed just isn't in BN's line - or is it? Seattle Times, Feb 11, 1988. (Robert Ficken quoted).

Lacitis, Erik. 1988. Hush hush: railroad's silence on trail sale is lousy PR. Seattle Times, Feb 19, 1988.

Lalonde, James E. 1988. BN broke promises, says suit: unwanted workers sent to jobs in 'rubber room.' Seattle Times, Dec. 5, 1988. (BN tax agent George Landis).

Lalonde, James E. 1988. BN split will hit state charities, arts hard: as empire's divisions spread across U.S., so will its philanthropy. Seattle Times, Dec 23, 1988. (Ranks Seattle-area corporate givers, with BN as number 2).

Lalonde, James E. 1988. BN trading sparks SEC inquiry. Seattle Times, Nov 23, 1988, p.E9. (Re insider trading).

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Lane, Bob. 1993. Commuter train takes a trial run: BN impresses some officals with plan for Tacoma-to-Everett service. Seattle Times, Mar. [?], 1993, p.B1-B2. (Proposed system would cost the public $250 million, part of a proposed $9 billion Puget Sound regional transit system).

Lane, Polly. 1989. Burlington Resources crafts takeover defense. Seattle Times, Feb. 24, 1989. (Against Pennzoil).

Lane, Polly. 1989. Defense against Pennzoil set. Seattle Times, Feb. 23, 1989. (BR authorizes lawsuit and changes by-laws).

Lane, Polly. 1990. Burlington chairman named. Seattle Times, Oct. 11, 1990. (O'Leary).

Lane, Polly. 1992. Big land acquisition boosts Trillium: Glacier Park completes large property liquidation in deal with Bellingham firm. Seattle Times, June 18, 1992. (75 properties and 25 rail-served industrial parks for $50 million+. In September 1991, Trillium bought other Glacier Park properties for $50 million, including 232 parcels in the mountain states; 53 have already been resold. See also Tapperson, 1992).

Larrabee, William. 1893. The railroad question. Chicago.

Larson, Henrietta M. Jay Cooke: private banker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Larson, John Lauritz. 1984. Bonds of enterprise: John Murray Forbes and western development in America's railway age / by John Lauritz Larson ; foreword by Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. Boston, Mass.: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University ; Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press, c1984. 257 p. (The history of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy).

Laszewski, Charles. 1995. Hill'[s land deals unlawful, wnvironmentalists say: group charges acres sold to timber interests led to clearcut forests. St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 26, 1995, reprinted in Transitions, June-July 1995, p. 12. (Reviews the Inland Empire Public Lands Council's book "Railroads & Clearcuts"; incorrectly says 40 million acre Northern Pacific Railroad land grant was granted to the Great Northern Railroad; corrected by Dorothy Gibson letter of June 15).

Latham, Earl. 1959. The politics of railroad coordination 1933-1936. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1959.

Laut, Agnes C. 1936. The romance of the rails: the story of American railroads. NY: Tudor Publishing. (Quaint but detailed. Chapters on land grants, on scandals, and on Hill. Cites no sources).

Lavender, David. 1970. The Great persuader. Garden City NY: Doubleday. (Biography of Colis P. Huntington).

Le Duc, Thomas. 1950. The Disposal of the Public Domain on the Trans-Mississippi Plains: Some Opportunities for Investigation. Agricultural History. July 1950, 24(3): 199-204.

Lentz.

Leonard, William Norris. 1946. Railroad consolidation under the Transportation Act of 1920. NY.

Leovy, Jill. 1991. Leaking silt stirs up investigation. Seattle Times, Apr. 27, 1991, p.C10. (Pacific Coast Coal's John Henry Mine).

Levin, Richard C. 1981. Regulation, barriers to exit, and railroad investment behavior. Pages 181-224 in: Studies in Public Regulation, edited by Gary Fromm. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981.

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Lewis, Oscar. 1938. The big four. Alfred A. Knopf.

Lewis, Peter. 1992. Seattle sues over cost for Midway landfill cleanup. Seattle Times, May 14, 1992. (The 21 hazardous waste clean-up defendents include BE. Suit does not allege that substances were dumped illegally. See also Miletich, May 14, 1992).

Lewis, Sol H. A history of the railroads in Washington. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 3: 186-197.

Lewty, Peter J. 1987. To the Columbia gateway: the Oregon Railway and the Northern Pacific, 1879-1884. Pullman: Washington State University Press. 202 p. (Covers the Harriman period of NP).

Lewty, Peter J.. 1987. To the Columbia gateway: the Oregon Railway and the Northern Pacific, 1879-1884, Peter J. Lewty. Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University Press, 1987.

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Lien, Carsten. 1991. Olympic battleground: the power politics of timber preservation. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 434 p. (Describes how the Northern Pacific helped write, and benefitted from, the Rainier National Park Act; pages 9-15. Parts reprinted in transitions, July 1992, p.9).

Lillard. The Great Forest.

Lilly, Dick. 1988. Royer angered by industrialist's purchase of trail. Seattle Times, Feb. 9, 1988.

Lincoln and the railroads. ICC Practitioners Journal 11: 409-411, Feb. 1944.

Lindler, Bert. 1989. Environmentalists: timber industry harms economies. Great Falls (Montana) Tribune, Dec. 2, 1989. Reprinted in Transitions, July 1992, p. 100-101. (John Osborn of the Inland Empire Public Lands Council urges Plum Creek and Burlington Northern obligations arising from Northern Pacific Railroad land grant).

Locklin, D. Philip. 1974. Economics of transporttion. 6th edition. Homewood, IL: Richard Irwin.

Long, James. 1993. Of grants and greed. The Oregonian (Portland), May 23, 1993, p.A1,A16-A17. Reprinted in Transitions, Dec. 1993, p.10-17; and in Forest History Today, 1995, p. 26-30. The article received the 1994 John M. Collier Award for Forest History Journalism. ("How 19th century financiers made off with the biggest transfer of public lands into private hands in U.S. history." Discusses the effects of the Northern Pacific land grant on Northwest history and environment. Covers the history of the NP grant, the revestment of the O&C grant, the 1920-1940s Congressional investigation and lawsuit against NP, the 1983 Citizens Committee lawsuit, South Dakota Representative and Senator Byron Dorgan's attempts to preserve railroad service, the Congressional Research Service's Pam Baldwin report, and the corporate spinoffs of the 1980s and 1990s. The Oregonian and Transitions versions include a map and a detailed historical timeline).

Long, Katherine. 1991. 1988 environmental law prompts voluntary cleanups. Seattle Times, Mar. 26, 1991, p.E1-E2. (Model Toxic Cleanup Act and BN sites around Washington state).

Long, Katherine. 1991. Skykomish unruffled by diesel fuel pond: railroad waste sits underground. Seattle Times, Mar. 26, 1991, p.E1-E2.

Los Angeles Times. 1988. Burlington Resources buys interest in developer. Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1988, sec.IV, p.22. (New Mexico & Arizona Land Co.).

Lowe, Marcia D. 1990. Alternatives to the automobile: transport for livable cities. Wolrdwatch Paper 98. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, October 1990. 49 p. (Compares energy intensity of, and pollution from, rail, bus, and autos; cpmares alternatives to autos available in major world cities; briefly reviews light rail systems being developed).

Lowe, Marcia D. 1993. Rediscovering rail. Worldwatch Paper No. 118. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute. (Excerpted in: State of the World 1993, p. 120-138, New York: Norton).

Lowenstein, Roger. 1989. Burlington Resources is seen as takeover play by some, but excitement might be premature. Wall Street Journal, Feb. 27, 1989, p.C2(W), p.C2(E).

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Macfarlane, Robert Stetson. 1954. Henry Villard and the Northern Pacific. New York: Newcomen Society in North America, 1954.

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Machalaba, Daniel. 1989. Burlington picks Grinstein to run rail business. Wall Street Journal, Jan. 20, 1989, p.C6(W).

Machalaba, Daniel. 1989. Spirit of economic cooperation spreads among fiercly independent railroads. Wall Street Journal, Dec. 20, 1989, p.B2(W), p.A6(E).

Machalaba, Daniel. 1993. Learning curve: Burlington Northern shows risks of hiring an outsider as CEO: some of Grinstein's decisions reflect scant knowledge of the railroad business; at long last, signs of success. Wall Street Journal, Apr. 6, 1993, p.A1,A6. (See also Berman and Khalaf, 1993).

Machalaba, Daniel. 1995. BBoxcar battle: railroads see promise in a freight revival that many towns fear: railing against new routes, residents say they live on noisy side of tracks: playing traffijam videos. Wall Street Journal, May 9, 1997, p. A1, A6.

Machalaba, Daniel. 1995. Burlington Northern's offer to acquire Santa Fe is approved by shareholders. Wall Street Journal, Feb. 8, 1995, p.A4. ($4 billion; to create Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp.; requires ICC approval).

Mack, Toni. 1991. Blood from turnips. Forbes 147(11): 338-339, May 27, 1991. (Profile of Burlington Resources' Don Clayton; Meridian Oil helped increase BR profits by 40 percent in 1990; Meridan's natural gas reserves have increased from 3.6 to 5.4 trillion cubic feet).

Maier, Scott and Don Fair. 1988. Royer rejects horse-trade offer on Burke-Gilman. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Feb. 9, 1988.

Maier, Scott. 1988. Bike trail spat may be settled. seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 9, 1988. (Burke Gilman Trail).

Maier, Scott. 1988. BN and city reach accord on trail plan. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 18, 1988. (Burke Gilman Trail).

Maier, Scott. 1988. BN's track removal on canal right of way stirs new furor. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Mar. 26, 1988. (Burke Gilman Trail).

Maier, Scott. 1988. Burke-Gilman Trail right-of-way sale is off track, protesters say. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Mar. 4, 1988.

Maier, Scott. 1988. Waterfront boulevard: a BN hitch? Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Feb 20, 1988. (Seattle, ICC, and abandonment process).

Maier, Scott. 1990. County buys forests for 'I-90 Greenway". Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 8, 1990. (Glacier Park gets $2.9 million from King Co. for 500 acres bordering Squak Mt. State Park).

Maier, Scott. Railroad apologizes - sort of. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Feb 25, 1988.

Malone, Michael P. 1996. James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. (Malone is president of Montana State University in Bozeman).

Malone, Michael P. and Richard B. Roeder, editors. 1969. The Montana past: an anthology. Missoula: University of Montana Press.

Malone, Michael P., Richard B. Roeder, and William L. Lang. 1991. Montana: a history of two centuries. Revised edition. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 466 p.

Marine Digest and Transportation News. 1991. Port of Seattle hires BN's Kiser. Marine Digest and Transportation News (Seattle), Nov. 1991, p.9.

Marple's Business Newsletter. 1988. Breaking up: Burlington Northern Inc. Marple's, June 22, 1988, p.2-3. (Financial analysis and comment).

Marple's Business Newsletter. 1989. On the block? Marple's, Jan. 18, 1989, p.4. (Plum Creek and Glacier Park for sale?)

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Martin, Albro. 1976. James J. Hill and the opening of the Northwest. NY: Oxford Univ. Press. 679 p.

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Massey, Steve. 1991. BN planning to close only Idaho agency. Spokesman Review, July 23, 1991. Reprinted in Transitions, Feb. 1992, p.21. (Idaho Public Utilities Commission hearing due in Sept. on closing of BN Sandpoint office. PUC says no shippers have complained. UP got civil penalty for closing its Parma Idaho office and was required to keep its Sandpoint-Bonners Ferry office open).

Massey, Steve. 1991. Rail hearing sparks vigorous debate: criic blast proposal to abandon Idaho line. Spokesman Review, Nov. 26, 1991. Reprinted in Transitions, Feb. 1992, p.16. (ICC hearing regarding UP abandonment of Plummer-Mullan, Silver Valley, Shoshone County, Idaho line. Governor, shippers opposed. Coeur d'Alene tribe supports abandonment after cleanup of metals contamination. ICC decision due in February 1992. See also Spokesman Review editorial, Sept. 30, 1991).

Mather, Steven T. 1915. The national parks on a business basis. Review of Reviews, p. 413, April 1915.

McAllister, W.A. 1940. A study of railroad land-grant disposals in California with reference to the Western Pacific, the Central Pacific, and the Southern Pacific Railroad companies. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southern California.

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McDonald, Rita and Merrill G. Burlingame. Montana's first commercial coal mine. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 47: 23-28.

McGilvra, John Jay. 1878. In Congress, the people of Washington Territory vs. the Northern Pacific Railroad Company: claim, the restoration of the public lands to settlement, argument by John J. McGilvra. Washington: National Republican Print. House, 1878.

McHenry, Edwin Harrison. 1899. Rules for railway location and construction of the Northern Pacific Railway, by E. H. McHenry. New York, Engineering news pub. co., 1899.

McKee, Irving. 1948. Notable memorials to Mussel Slough. Pacific Historical Review 17. (Background and history of the 1880 battle near Visalia, California, between settlers and Southern Pacific Railroad agents; see also J.L. Brown, 1957).

McKenzie, William A. 1990. Dining car line to the Pacific: an illustrated history of the NP Railway's "famously good" food, with 150 authentic recipes, William A. McKenzie. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, c1990.

McKinney, Gage. 1984. A.B. Hammond, West Coast lumberman. Journal of Forest History, 28(4): 196-203, Oct. 1984. (Profile of businessman in lumbering, railroading, real estate, and banking, including the Montana Improvement Company, owned by the Northern Pacific and Anaconda Copper; Big Blackfoot Milling, sold to Anaconda in 1898 and then to Champion International; the Oregon Pacific Railroad, sold to Southern Pacific; First National Bank of Missoula; Columbia River Packers Association; Astoria and Columbia River Railroad, sold to the Great Northern; and the Hammond Lumber Company of Oregon and California, sold to Georgia-Pacific in 1956 and spun off with Louisiana Pacific in 1972).

Mead, Walter J. 1956. The forest products economy of the Pacific Northwest. Land Economics 32: 127-129, May 1956.

Mead, Walter J. 1964. Mergers and economic concentration in the Douglas-fir lumber industry. Research Paper PNW 9. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 81 p.

Meersman, Tom. 1995. Author questions railroads' use of resources. Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 26, 1995, reprinted in Transitions, June-July 1995, p. 13. (Reviews the Inland Empire Public Lands Council's book "Railroads & Clearcuts").

Mercer, Lloyd J. 1967. The Central Pacific system; an estimate of social and private rates of return for a land-grant aided railroad system. Thesis. Seattle: University of Washington.

Mercer, Lloyd J. 1969. Land grants to American railroads: social cost or social benefit? Business History Review XLII, Summer 1969.

Mercer, Lloyd J. 1970. Rates of return for land grant railroads. Journal of Economic History 30.

Mercer, Lloyd J. 1972. Taxpayers or investors: who paid for the land grant railroads? Business History Review 46(2): 279-294, Aug. 1972.

Mercer, Lloyd J. 1974. Building ahead of demand: some evidence for the land grant railroads. Journal of Economic History 34(2): 492-500, June 1974.

Mercer, Lloyd J. 1982. Railroads and the land grant policy: a study in government intervention. NY: Academic Press. 268 p. (Does his best to show that the land grants were a profitable deal for the public, but he doesn't factor in the billion of dollars worth of real estate, timber, coal, oil, gold, and other grant land resources in his calculations. He also stops the calculating at the year 1900, using turn of the century land values and rates of return. Even so, he concludes that the Northern Pacific grant in particular was excessive).

Mercer, Lloyd J. 1985. E.H. Harriman: master railroader. Boston: G.K. Hall.

Meridian Aggregates. 1990. Determination of non-significance. Washington State Dept. of Ecology SEPA Register, June 4-8, 1990, p.9. (Cactus Quarry, remove 200,000 tons of basalt a year for 50 years...to produce railroad ballast, 4.8 miles NE of Mesa, Franklin County. Filed May 29, 1990 with the state Dept. of Natural Resources).

Merritt, Mike. 1992. City to sue 30 firms over landfill 0costs. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Mar. 19, 1992. (Seattle seeks to recover $35 million spent to clean up hazardous wastes dumped at Midway landfill; Boeing, Waste Management Inc., and Burlington Environmental are named as defendents).

Merryman, S.G. Spring 1975. A corporate approach to resource management. Western Wildlands 2(2).

Messing, John. 1966. Public lands, politics, and progressives: the Oregon land fraud trials, 1903-1910. Pacific Historical Review 35(1), Feb. 1966. Also published in Gates, 1979.

Meyer(s), William D. The Northern Pacific land grant: from Lake Superior to the Puget Sound. Unpublished thesis. Center for Balanced Transportati